TSARIN MALLAKAR KASA A NAJERIYYA
Tsarin mallakar kasa shine hanya da ake bi domin wannan kasar ta zama taka wato hakkin mallaka da ikon yin kowane tasarrufi da ita a kuma kowane lokaci ga mtum,ko yan gari,ko gwamnati ta hanyar amfanin wucin gadi kona din din din.Amma zahirin magana shine wannan tsarin ya sha bam ban ga wasu kabilu,ko mutan gari ko kuma gwamnati.Da haka ne zamu iya cewa ana mallakar kasa ne ta wadannan hanyoyi kamar haka:
-Hakkin mallakar kasa ga yan gari: wannan tsari yana bawa duk dan gari damar yin amfani da kasar garin domin hakkin mallakar na yan garin ne baki daya,kenan duk dan garin yana da iko amfani da kaasar garin wajen yin noma ko kiwa ko gina gidan da zai zauna da dai sauran su.Sai dai bashi da ikon sayar da kowane bangare na wannan kasa.
-Tsarin mallakar kasa ta hanyar gado:wannan tsari yana bada damar mallakar kasa ta hanyar gado wato daga iyaye zuwa ga yayensu. Kazalika wannan tsarin shi aka fi amfani da shi a wannan kasa saboda duk yawancin gonakin noman kasar nan na birni da karkara za ka ga masu su sun mallake sune ta hanyar gado.
-Tsarin bada hayar gona:wannan tsri ya ba da damar bada aro ko hayar gona yayin da wanda aka bawa a hayar nan zai dinga biyan wanda ya bashi hayar nan kudi ko wani yanki na amfani gona a tsawan lokacin daya zauna ya amfana da gonar.
-Tsarin siyan kasa:shi wannan tsarin yana bawa mutum damar sayan kasa don amfanin kansa.
-Tsarin yin kyautar kasa da dai sauransu
KASAR NOMA DA KIWO A NAJERIYYA
Kididdigar alkaluma sun nuna najeriyya na da adadin fadin kasa da yakai kadada (hectares) miliyan 92.2 a cikin wannan adadi bincike ya tabbatar da cewar wajen kadada miliyan 91 za'a iya noma akai kuma a girbi amfanin gona mai yawa. Amma bincike ya nuna adadin gonakinb noma a najeriyya yakai fadin murabba'in kilomita 745,000 a binciken baya-bayannan (2009). Tun wajen shekaru 48 da suka gabata wannan adadi yafi yawa a shekarar 2007 inda ya tasamma murabba'in kilomiuta 780,000 yayin da bincike ya nuna gonakin noma sun yi kasa sosai a shekarar 1991 inda alkaluma suka nuna murabba'in kilomita 680,000. Haka nan mafi yawan gonakin noma na wannan kasa ana amfani dasu ne wajen noman kayan abinci da sauransu, yayin da kuma inda ba'a nomawa suka zama dazuzzuka, wato wajen kiwon dabbobi da sauransu. Wani bangaren kuma ba'a amfani da shi ta kowane fannin bunkasar tattalin arzikin wannan kasa. Jahar da tafi kowace kasa a najeriyya yawan yawan kasa da ba'a amfani da ita itace jahar Neja (da kadada miliyan 7.6) sai me biye mata wato jahar Borno (kadada miliyan 2.8)
AMFANIN GONAKIN NAJERIYYA
Alkaluman baya-bayannan sun nuna ana amfani da abin da yakai kadada mioliyan 33 wajen noman amfanin gona a najeriyya. A wannan adadi ana amfani da wajen kadada miliyan 17.7 wajen noman kayan abinci yayin da kadada miliyan 4.9 ake noman kayayayakin masana'antu kamar su auduga da sauransu.
Nan ga kadan daga cikin amfanin gonakin da ake nomawa a najeriyya kuma nan gaba da yardar mai duka zamu dau kowane amfanin gona mu gabatar dashi, yadda ake noma shi, ire-iren sa, yadda ake samai da wane irin taki yafi so,yadda ake ajiyar sa da kuma uwa-uba kasuwar sa. Nan ga kadan daga cikin amfanin gonar da aka fi nomawa a najeriyya.
-HATSI ;dawa,gero,masara,shinkafa da sauransu
-YAN TUSHE ;rogo,doya,makani dankali da sauransu
-LEGUMES ;wake,waken suya,gyada da sauransu.
-KAYAN ZAKI (FRUIT) ;abarba,ayaba,goba,kankana,gwanda da sauransu
-KAYAN MASARUFI\GWARI (VEGETABLES);tumatur,attaruhu,karas,salak,kabeji,tattasai da sauransu
-MAI; kwakwar manja.
Sunday, 29 April 2012
Sunday, 22 April 2012
TARIHIN NOMA DA KIWO A NAJERIYYA (2)
Takaitaccen tarihi
Tarihin noma da kiwo a najeriyya yana da alaka sosai da tarihin siyasar wannan kasa. Zaka fahimci wannan ne inka zurfafa binciken tarihin wannan kasa tun kafi zuwan turawa da zuwansu da samun yancin kai da bayan samun yancin kai. Turawan mulkin mallaka sun tadda yan najeriyya na wancan lokacin basu da wata babbar sana'a sai noma da kiwo,bincike ya nuna cewa tattalin arzikinsu ma kacokan ya dogara akan wannan harka ta noma da kiwo.Mulkin mallaka ya fara a najeriyya a shekarar 1861 zuwa 1960, wanda a tsakanin wannan lokacin turawa sun fi mai da hankali wajen bincike (research) da fadakarwa kan sababbin dabarun noma da kiwo wato (extension services) amma fannin noma yafi samun tagomashi daga gwamnati bayan samun yancin kai har zuwa shekaru talatin din farko.
Kudiri najeriyya na 1962-1968 wato (1962-1968 development plan) shine farkon daftarin kuduri a najeriyya, duk da manyan manufofi daya kunsa, amma ya karfafa hanyoyin da za a zamanantar da harkar noma da kiwo.A bisa wannan kuduri ne na ganin mutane sun rungumi harkar noma da kiwo gwamnatin wancan lokaci ta fito da tsare-tsare kamar fadakar da manoma kan su rungumi noman hadin gwiwa,kawo kayayyakin sarrafa amfanin gona na zamani, aka kara fadada harkar fadakar da manoma kan dabarun noma na zamani (extension services).
Abisa wannan kudiri na gwamnati dan bunkasa fannin noma da kiwo ta bullo da shiye-shirye masu yawa kan bunkasa wannan harka kamar su:
-farm settlement scheme
-national accelerated food production programe
-operation feed the nation
-river basin and rural development authority
-green revolution programe
-the world bank funded agricultural development programe
-agricultural transformational agenda da sauransu.
Duk da karin tagomashi da danyan man fetur yake samun a kasuwar duniya wannan bai hana fannin noma da kiwo ba wajen kara karfafar tattalin arzikin wannan kasa ba, musamman yankin arewacin najeriyya.Zamu gane haka idan muka binciki alkaluman da suke fitowa daga hukumar tattara alkaluma a wannan kasa wato(natinal bereau of statistics) inda alkaluman nan na GDP suka nuna noma yana da tagomashi sosai da sosai,Haka ya kasance a bangaren cinikin kasa da kasa da kuma uwa uba samar da aikin yi.Alkaluman da muka samu sun nuna ; lokacin samun kai alkaluman (GDP) yana wajen kashi sittin cikin dari kamar yadda yake a suran kasashen da tattalin arzikin su ya dogara akan noma da kiwo.Amma alkaluman sun nuna koma baya a shekarun 1975 zuwa 1989 wanda ya nuna hada-hadar kashi 25 cikin 100, wannan tya faru ne saboda bunkasar sauran fannoni kamar su kere-kere da hakar ma'adanai (mining).
Kazalika,yanayin bunkasar noma yaci gaba da samun koma baya a wancan lokaci,hakanan a shekarun 1970 zuwa1982 noma yana bunkasa ne da abin da bai gaza kashi daya cikin dari ba yayin da yawan al'umma ke bunkasa da kashi biyu da rabi cikin dari zuwa kashi uku cikin dari a duk shekara.Alkaluman baya-bayannan na GDP sun nuna dan cigaba da yakai kashi 34.70 cikin dari a shekarar 2011.Bayan wannan an samu koma baya wajen fitar da amfanin gona zuwa ketare don sayarwa yayin da kuma yawan amfanin gona yake karuwa a hankali a hankali, sai ya zama na dole abincin da za'a ci a kasarnan sai an shigo dashi daga ketare don a cike gibi.Najeriyya tana sayan abincin da ya kai naira miliyan 112.88 a shekarun 1970-1974 duk shekara, ya karu zuwa naira miliyan 1,964.8 a shekarar 1991.Alkaluman baya bayannan sun nuna najeriyya tana sayan abincin da yakai na dala biliyan 17 a duk shekara.kuma yawan sayan abincin yana karuwa dfa kashi 11 cikin 100 duk shekara.
Hakanan a kokarin gwamnati na ganin an samar da ilimi ingantacce kan wannan harka ta noma da kiwo ta kafa manyan makarantun noma da kiwo na zamani daban-daban a yankunan wannan kasa tun daga samun yancin kai kawo yanzu kamar su:
-agricultural extension and liason service (AEPLS) a jamiar Ahmadu Bello a shekarar 1963
-international institute of tropical agriculture,Ibadan
-international livestock centre of africa (ILCA)
in mai duka yakai mu lokaci na gaba zamu dora kan kasar noma a najeriyya
Tarihin noma da kiwo a najeriyya yana da alaka sosai da tarihin siyasar wannan kasa. Zaka fahimci wannan ne inka zurfafa binciken tarihin wannan kasa tun kafi zuwan turawa da zuwansu da samun yancin kai da bayan samun yancin kai. Turawan mulkin mallaka sun tadda yan najeriyya na wancan lokacin basu da wata babbar sana'a sai noma da kiwo,bincike ya nuna cewa tattalin arzikinsu ma kacokan ya dogara akan wannan harka ta noma da kiwo.Mulkin mallaka ya fara a najeriyya a shekarar 1861 zuwa 1960, wanda a tsakanin wannan lokacin turawa sun fi mai da hankali wajen bincike (research) da fadakarwa kan sababbin dabarun noma da kiwo wato (extension services) amma fannin noma yafi samun tagomashi daga gwamnati bayan samun yancin kai har zuwa shekaru talatin din farko.
Kudiri najeriyya na 1962-1968 wato (1962-1968 development plan) shine farkon daftarin kuduri a najeriyya, duk da manyan manufofi daya kunsa, amma ya karfafa hanyoyin da za a zamanantar da harkar noma da kiwo.A bisa wannan kuduri ne na ganin mutane sun rungumi harkar noma da kiwo gwamnatin wancan lokaci ta fito da tsare-tsare kamar fadakar da manoma kan su rungumi noman hadin gwiwa,kawo kayayyakin sarrafa amfanin gona na zamani, aka kara fadada harkar fadakar da manoma kan dabarun noma na zamani (extension services).
Abisa wannan kudiri na gwamnati dan bunkasa fannin noma da kiwo ta bullo da shiye-shirye masu yawa kan bunkasa wannan harka kamar su:
-farm settlement scheme
-national accelerated food production programe
-operation feed the nation
-river basin and rural development authority
-green revolution programe
-the world bank funded agricultural development programe
-agricultural transformational agenda da sauransu.
Duk da karin tagomashi da danyan man fetur yake samun a kasuwar duniya wannan bai hana fannin noma da kiwo ba wajen kara karfafar tattalin arzikin wannan kasa ba, musamman yankin arewacin najeriyya.Zamu gane haka idan muka binciki alkaluman da suke fitowa daga hukumar tattara alkaluma a wannan kasa wato(natinal bereau of statistics) inda alkaluman nan na GDP suka nuna noma yana da tagomashi sosai da sosai,Haka ya kasance a bangaren cinikin kasa da kasa da kuma uwa uba samar da aikin yi.Alkaluman da muka samu sun nuna ; lokacin samun kai alkaluman (GDP) yana wajen kashi sittin cikin dari kamar yadda yake a suran kasashen da tattalin arzikin su ya dogara akan noma da kiwo.Amma alkaluman sun nuna koma baya a shekarun 1975 zuwa 1989 wanda ya nuna hada-hadar kashi 25 cikin 100, wannan tya faru ne saboda bunkasar sauran fannoni kamar su kere-kere da hakar ma'adanai (mining).
Kazalika,yanayin bunkasar noma yaci gaba da samun koma baya a wancan lokaci,hakanan a shekarun 1970 zuwa1982 noma yana bunkasa ne da abin da bai gaza kashi daya cikin dari ba yayin da yawan al'umma ke bunkasa da kashi biyu da rabi cikin dari zuwa kashi uku cikin dari a duk shekara.Alkaluman baya-bayannan na GDP sun nuna dan cigaba da yakai kashi 34.70 cikin dari a shekarar 2011.Bayan wannan an samu koma baya wajen fitar da amfanin gona zuwa ketare don sayarwa yayin da kuma yawan amfanin gona yake karuwa a hankali a hankali, sai ya zama na dole abincin da za'a ci a kasarnan sai an shigo dashi daga ketare don a cike gibi.Najeriyya tana sayan abincin da ya kai naira miliyan 112.88 a shekarun 1970-1974 duk shekara, ya karu zuwa naira miliyan 1,964.8 a shekarar 1991.Alkaluman baya bayannan sun nuna najeriyya tana sayan abincin da yakai na dala biliyan 17 a duk shekara.kuma yawan sayan abincin yana karuwa dfa kashi 11 cikin 100 duk shekara.
Hakanan a kokarin gwamnati na ganin an samar da ilimi ingantacce kan wannan harka ta noma da kiwo ta kafa manyan makarantun noma da kiwo na zamani daban-daban a yankunan wannan kasa tun daga samun yancin kai kawo yanzu kamar su:
-agricultural extension and liason service (AEPLS) a jamiar Ahmadu Bello a shekarar 1963
-international institute of tropical agriculture,Ibadan
-international livestock centre of africa (ILCA)
in mai duka yakai mu lokaci na gaba zamu dora kan kasar noma a najeriyya
Sunday, 15 April 2012
TARIHIN NOMA DA KIWO A NAJERIYA
GABATARWA
Kasancewar yanayin da Allah ya albarkanci wannan kasa tamu mai albarka, yana ba da damar noman amfani iri daban-daban ta hanyar mafi sauki da kuma samun yalwar amfanin gona tun tsawon zamani,hakanan bayan samun yancin kai a shekarar 1960 shine ja gaba wajen karfafar tattalin arzikin wannan kasa ta hanyar kudin shiga,samar da aikin yi da kuma cinikin da sauran kasashen duniya (foriegn exchange) da sauransu, kamar yadda lamarin yake a sauran kasashen yammacin afirika.Hakanan an fi samun tsawon damina da mamakon ruwan sama a yankin kudancin wannan kasa, inda suke da yawan gandun daji da kwazazzabai wannan ya taimaka musa matuka gaya wajen samun karancin rani.
Manyan amfanin gonar kudancin najeriya sune: rogo,doya,makani,dankalin hausa,kwakwar manja,roba da makamantansu. Sune manyan kayayyakin kasuwancin amfanin gona na wannan yankin.Ca wanda ake fitar da shi daga koko yafi yalwa a yankin kudu-maso yamma..Kwakwar manja wadda ake man ja da ita tafi fitowa a yankin kudu-maso gabashin wannan kasa.Yayin da bishiyar roba tafi yawa a yankin kudu-maso kudancin wannan kasa da dan wani yanki na kudu-maso gabas.
Kananan manoma , masu yin amfani da kayan aikin gargajiyya masu noma gonar da ba tafi rabin kadada ba zuwa kadada biyu sun kai kashi biyu bisa uku na adadin manoman da suke kudancin wannan kasa.Hakanan manoman wannan yanki su kan noma hatsi kamar :dawa,gero,masara,shinkafa da dai sauran su.
Yankin arewacin najeriya wanda rani yafi damina dadewa da wajen wata biyar zuwa bakwai a shekara, a lokutan damina ana samin yawan ruwan da ya kai wajen martaba 25 a bisa ma'aunin milimeters. Wanda ruwan yafi yawa a yankin nan na SAHEL da SUDAN savanna.Manyan kayan amfanin gonar wannan yanki sun hada da wake,dawa,gero,masara,shinkafa da sauransu a bangaren hatsi kenan. Bangaren kayan gwari kuwa da suka hadar da tumatir,albasa,tattasai,attaruhu,kabeji,ganyen salak, karas da sauran su nam ma wannan yanki ba a barshi a baya ba. Yayin da gyada,auduga,fatu,kirage da sauransu suka zama jagaba a wajen cinikayyar wannan yanki da sauran yankunan duniya.
A tsakanin busashshen yankin arewa da jikakken yankin kudu akwai yankin GUINEA savanna wanda ake kiransa da arewa ta tsakiya. manyan amfanin gonar wannan yanki sun hada da doya,gero,dawa,rogo,wake,masara,shinkafa da sauransu. Amma babban amfanin gonar da suke cinikayya da shi da sauran kasashen duniya shine ridi musammamn ma a jahar Benuwai
Mafi yawan cimar yan najeriya shine hatsi, amma inda aka fi noma da cin gero da dawa shine yankin arewacin wannan kasa.A shekarar 1980 wadannan hatsi guda biyu sun kai sama da kashi tamanin cikin dari na adadin hatsin da aka noma a najeriya. Noman masara a yankin arewa ta tsakiya yana bawa manoman wannan yanki dama noman ta sau biyu saboda yawan ruwan da suke samu a shekara.
Koko da gyada sune manyan amfanin gona da ake dillancinsu zuwa kasashen ketare kafin bayyanar danyan man fetur a kudancin wannan kasa a shekarar 1965. koko,auduga,gyada,kwakwar manja,roba,kiraza, fatu da sauransu sune manyan kayayyakin da najeryya take dillancin a kasashen duniya don tada komadar tattalin arzikinta tun daga 1960 zuwa 1970. A wajejen shekarar 1980 zuwa sama aka dinga rage darajar kudin naira aka rushe hukumar dillancin amfanin gona (agricultural marketing board) a shekarar 1986 da niyyar bunkasa cinikayyar kasa da kasa a najeriya amma duk da haka ba'a samu kyakykyawan sakamako ba saboda karancin tallafin da gwamnati taka bayar wa a wannan harka.
Kazalika a farkon shekarar 1980 zuwa sama najeriya ta fara daidaita farashin amfanin gona, ta hanyar bayar da tallafi kan taki da magungunan feshi da kuma saukaka dokoki da suke wahalar da me son fitar da kaya wje domin cinikayyar kasa da kasa, ta kuma sanya tsaiko kan shigo da kaya cikin kasar.
Mafita itace dole gwamnati ta kara yawan tallafin da take bayar wa ga manoma na bashi ta hannun bankin manoma kuma ta tabbatar manoman ainihi sune suke cin gajiyar wannan bashi,hana shigo da wasu daga cikin kayan abinci daga ketare, tallafawa da kuma saukaka dokokin fitar da kaya zuwa ketare,tallafawa masana'antun noma da kiwo,gina da gyara hanyoyin yankunan karkara,ilimantar da manoma kan sababbin dabarun noma da kiwo na zamani da sauransu.Duk da dai an dan fara samun ci gaba musamman a sababbin tsare-tsare da ma'aikatar gona ta tarayya ta bullo dasu amma muna fatan hakan zai dore don a yaki yunwa da fatara ga al'ummarmu. in Allah ya kai mu lokaci nagaba zamu cigaba a inda muka tsaya.
Kasancewar yanayin da Allah ya albarkanci wannan kasa tamu mai albarka, yana ba da damar noman amfani iri daban-daban ta hanyar mafi sauki da kuma samun yalwar amfanin gona tun tsawon zamani,hakanan bayan samun yancin kai a shekarar 1960 shine ja gaba wajen karfafar tattalin arzikin wannan kasa ta hanyar kudin shiga,samar da aikin yi da kuma cinikin da sauran kasashen duniya (foriegn exchange) da sauransu, kamar yadda lamarin yake a sauran kasashen yammacin afirika.Hakanan an fi samun tsawon damina da mamakon ruwan sama a yankin kudancin wannan kasa, inda suke da yawan gandun daji da kwazazzabai wannan ya taimaka musa matuka gaya wajen samun karancin rani.
Manyan amfanin gonar kudancin najeriya sune: rogo,doya,makani,dankalin hausa,kwakwar manja,roba da makamantansu. Sune manyan kayayyakin kasuwancin amfanin gona na wannan yankin.Ca wanda ake fitar da shi daga koko yafi yalwa a yankin kudu-maso yamma..Kwakwar manja wadda ake man ja da ita tafi fitowa a yankin kudu-maso gabashin wannan kasa.Yayin da bishiyar roba tafi yawa a yankin kudu-maso kudancin wannan kasa da dan wani yanki na kudu-maso gabas.
Kananan manoma , masu yin amfani da kayan aikin gargajiyya masu noma gonar da ba tafi rabin kadada ba zuwa kadada biyu sun kai kashi biyu bisa uku na adadin manoman da suke kudancin wannan kasa.Hakanan manoman wannan yanki su kan noma hatsi kamar :dawa,gero,masara,shinkafa da dai sauran su.
Yankin arewacin najeriya wanda rani yafi damina dadewa da wajen wata biyar zuwa bakwai a shekara, a lokutan damina ana samin yawan ruwan da ya kai wajen martaba 25 a bisa ma'aunin milimeters. Wanda ruwan yafi yawa a yankin nan na SAHEL da SUDAN savanna.Manyan kayan amfanin gonar wannan yanki sun hada da wake,dawa,gero,masara,shinkafa da sauransu a bangaren hatsi kenan. Bangaren kayan gwari kuwa da suka hadar da tumatir,albasa,tattasai,attaruhu,kabeji,ganyen salak, karas da sauran su nam ma wannan yanki ba a barshi a baya ba. Yayin da gyada,auduga,fatu,kirage da sauransu suka zama jagaba a wajen cinikayyar wannan yanki da sauran yankunan duniya.
A tsakanin busashshen yankin arewa da jikakken yankin kudu akwai yankin GUINEA savanna wanda ake kiransa da arewa ta tsakiya. manyan amfanin gonar wannan yanki sun hada da doya,gero,dawa,rogo,wake,masara,shinkafa da sauransu. Amma babban amfanin gonar da suke cinikayya da shi da sauran kasashen duniya shine ridi musammamn ma a jahar Benuwai
Mafi yawan cimar yan najeriya shine hatsi, amma inda aka fi noma da cin gero da dawa shine yankin arewacin wannan kasa.A shekarar 1980 wadannan hatsi guda biyu sun kai sama da kashi tamanin cikin dari na adadin hatsin da aka noma a najeriya. Noman masara a yankin arewa ta tsakiya yana bawa manoman wannan yanki dama noman ta sau biyu saboda yawan ruwan da suke samu a shekara.
Koko da gyada sune manyan amfanin gona da ake dillancinsu zuwa kasashen ketare kafin bayyanar danyan man fetur a kudancin wannan kasa a shekarar 1965. koko,auduga,gyada,kwakwar manja,roba,kiraza, fatu da sauransu sune manyan kayayyakin da najeryya take dillancin a kasashen duniya don tada komadar tattalin arzikinta tun daga 1960 zuwa 1970. A wajejen shekarar 1980 zuwa sama aka dinga rage darajar kudin naira aka rushe hukumar dillancin amfanin gona (agricultural marketing board) a shekarar 1986 da niyyar bunkasa cinikayyar kasa da kasa a najeriya amma duk da haka ba'a samu kyakykyawan sakamako ba saboda karancin tallafin da gwamnati taka bayar wa a wannan harka.
Kazalika a farkon shekarar 1980 zuwa sama najeriya ta fara daidaita farashin amfanin gona, ta hanyar bayar da tallafi kan taki da magungunan feshi da kuma saukaka dokoki da suke wahalar da me son fitar da kaya wje domin cinikayyar kasa da kasa, ta kuma sanya tsaiko kan shigo da kaya cikin kasar.
Mafita itace dole gwamnati ta kara yawan tallafin da take bayar wa ga manoma na bashi ta hannun bankin manoma kuma ta tabbatar manoman ainihi sune suke cin gajiyar wannan bashi,hana shigo da wasu daga cikin kayan abinci daga ketare, tallafawa da kuma saukaka dokokin fitar da kaya zuwa ketare,tallafawa masana'antun noma da kiwo,gina da gyara hanyoyin yankunan karkara,ilimantar da manoma kan sababbin dabarun noma da kiwo na zamani da sauransu.Duk da dai an dan fara samun ci gaba musamman a sababbin tsare-tsare da ma'aikatar gona ta tarayya ta bullo dasu amma muna fatan hakan zai dore don a yaki yunwa da fatara ga al'ummarmu. in Allah ya kai mu lokaci nagaba zamu cigaba a inda muka tsaya.
Sunday, 8 April 2012
TARIHIN NOMA DA KIWO
Noma da kiwo tun farkon zamantakewar dan'adam a wannan duniya kasancewarsu farkon sana'ar dan'adam, sun kasance ababen awa fifiko ga kowace irin kabila ko zamantakewa ta mutane. Domin ta hanyar noma da kiwo ne ake samun bunkasar tattaklin arziki ga kowace al'umma kuma noma ya zama kariya daga karewar abinci ko tufafi ko kayan masarufi na amfanin yau da kullum.Dalilin muhimmanci wnnan sana'a ne yasa ake kirkiro filayen noma wato gonaki wanda daga baya suke bunkasa su zama kauyuka,garuruwa,birane,jahohi,kasashe, kai har nahiyoyi kamar yadda zamu gaan gaba kadan. Da wannan sai na raba tarihin noma da kiwo gida hudu kamar haka;
(1)NOMA KAFIN TARIHI (pre-historical agriculture : Noma kafin tarihi ya fara a wajejen shekara ta 10,000 kafin zuwan annabi isa ko fiye da haka. Ana daukan wannan lokaci a matsayin lokacin noman farko. Manyan gonakin noman lokacin sune na kudu-maso gabas da kudu-maso yamma na yankin ashiya (asia). Wanda yanzu yake kasar Hindu (India),Farisa(Iran),Iraki (Iraq),Isaira'ila (Israel) da makamantansu.Kamar kogin Nilu a kasar Masar (Egypt) kogin Danube a turai da kuma tafkin Indus-ganga a kasar hindu sune manyan santocin noma da kiwo na waccan zamanin.
Wannan shine farkon noma da aka fara kirkirar kayayyakin aiki saboda tilashin yin noma da kula da amfani har zuwa girbi, inda ake amfani da itace,duwatsu da kuma kasusuwan dabbobi sun zama ababen ambata a tarihin wancan zamani.
(2)NOMAN TARIHI (historical agriculture) : wannan lokaci ya fara daga shekara ta 2,500 kafin zuwan annabi Isa zuwa shekara ta 500 kafin zuwan annabi Isa.shine zamani na farko a wannan harka da aka fara amfani da karafa wajen aikin noma . Hakanan filayen noma sun karu inda suka rufe kusan kudu-maso gabas na Ashiya,gabas ta tsakiya,turai,arewacin amurka da gabashin Ashiya.
Kayan aikin zamani sun bunkasa an kuma samu cigaba a wajen kayayyakin ajiya da fannin noman rani sun zama abubuwan da suka haskaka wancan lokaci.Kuma shine lokaci na farko a tarihi da aka fara kasuwancin amfanin gona, wanda yanzu ya fadada ya bunkasa ya zama kasuwancin noma na zamani
(3) NOMAN SARKI (feudal agriculture): wannan lokaci ya fara daga shekara ta 500 kafin zuwan annabi Isa zuwa ta 1700 bayan mutuwa annabi Isa, Noma dai kiwo sun samu daukaka matuka a wajejen shekara ta 1000 bayan mutuwar annabi isa amma ta dan samu tasgaro bayannan saboda wasu dalilai. Wannan lokaci ya siffantu matuka da fadada da bunkasar wannan harka ta hanyar amafani da takin gargajiya don a bunkasa yawan amfani da ake samu wannan ya zama muhimmin al'amari a wancan lokacin. manyan abubuwan ambato a wancan lokaci sun hada da komawa noma gaba ki daya a yankin turai, gabas ta tsakiya da kudu-maso gabashin ashiya.
(4)NOMAN ZAMANI: A karni na 17 bayan wafatin annabi Isa duniya ta samu kari da cunkoso mai yawa a cikin al'ummarta. Wannan yasa aka samun karin al'umma a Ashiya,Afirika,Amurka da sauran da suke kewayan tafkuna. Wannan yasa masana suka dukufa wajen binciko sababbin hanyoyi da dabaru kan yadda za'a bunkasa amfanin gona. Wannan ya zama dalilin da wasu yan kasuwa suka tsunduma cikin harkar nom wanda yanzu a kasani da noman kasuwanci (commercial agriculture) inda wani mutum ko kungiya ko kasa ko nahiya ta dogara kan noma amfani kaza da kaza, wanda wannan amfani bayan an noma shi kuma za'a fita dashi waje dan samun gwagwgwabar riba.
Hakanan juyin-juya hali da aka samu a bangaren masana'antu ya samar da kirkire-kirkire a harkar noma da kiwo. Musamman fannin noman rani (irrigation), kimiyar hada jinsi biyu ko fiye da haka (genetics) da kuma girbe amfanin gona.Amma kimiyar hada jinsi biyu ko fiye da haka ana yinsa kan dalilai da yawa kamar don bunkasa yawa da juriya amfanin gona da dabbar kiwo wanan ya sauya fasalin noman wannan zamani baki daya. Hakanan sababbin irin noma da ake samu a dakunan gwaje-gwaje (laborotories) masu juriya da nagarta kuma dan su biya bukatar kasuwa da mutane.Wannan yasa duniya ta kai ga cimma bukatarta ta abinci,nama ,suturu da sauransu ga al'ummar da takai kimanin mutane sama da biliyan 7. in Allah ya kai mu lokacin na gaba zamu tattauna akan tarihin noma da kiwo a najeriya.
(1)NOMA KAFIN TARIHI (pre-historical agriculture : Noma kafin tarihi ya fara a wajejen shekara ta 10,000 kafin zuwan annabi isa ko fiye da haka. Ana daukan wannan lokaci a matsayin lokacin noman farko. Manyan gonakin noman lokacin sune na kudu-maso gabas da kudu-maso yamma na yankin ashiya (asia). Wanda yanzu yake kasar Hindu (India),Farisa(Iran),Iraki (Iraq),Isaira'ila (Israel) da makamantansu.Kamar kogin Nilu a kasar Masar (Egypt) kogin Danube a turai da kuma tafkin Indus-ganga a kasar hindu sune manyan santocin noma da kiwo na waccan zamanin.
Wannan shine farkon noma da aka fara kirkirar kayayyakin aiki saboda tilashin yin noma da kula da amfani har zuwa girbi, inda ake amfani da itace,duwatsu da kuma kasusuwan dabbobi sun zama ababen ambata a tarihin wancan zamani.
(2)NOMAN TARIHI (historical agriculture) : wannan lokaci ya fara daga shekara ta 2,500 kafin zuwan annabi Isa zuwa shekara ta 500 kafin zuwan annabi Isa.shine zamani na farko a wannan harka da aka fara amfani da karafa wajen aikin noma . Hakanan filayen noma sun karu inda suka rufe kusan kudu-maso gabas na Ashiya,gabas ta tsakiya,turai,arewacin amurka da gabashin Ashiya.
Kayan aikin zamani sun bunkasa an kuma samu cigaba a wajen kayayyakin ajiya da fannin noman rani sun zama abubuwan da suka haskaka wancan lokaci.Kuma shine lokaci na farko a tarihi da aka fara kasuwancin amfanin gona, wanda yanzu ya fadada ya bunkasa ya zama kasuwancin noma na zamani
(3) NOMAN SARKI (feudal agriculture): wannan lokaci ya fara daga shekara ta 500 kafin zuwan annabi Isa zuwa ta 1700 bayan mutuwa annabi Isa, Noma dai kiwo sun samu daukaka matuka a wajejen shekara ta 1000 bayan mutuwar annabi isa amma ta dan samu tasgaro bayannan saboda wasu dalilai. Wannan lokaci ya siffantu matuka da fadada da bunkasar wannan harka ta hanyar amafani da takin gargajiya don a bunkasa yawan amfani da ake samu wannan ya zama muhimmin al'amari a wancan lokacin. manyan abubuwan ambato a wancan lokaci sun hada da komawa noma gaba ki daya a yankin turai, gabas ta tsakiya da kudu-maso gabashin ashiya.
(4)NOMAN ZAMANI: A karni na 17 bayan wafatin annabi Isa duniya ta samu kari da cunkoso mai yawa a cikin al'ummarta. Wannan yasa aka samun karin al'umma a Ashiya,Afirika,Amurka da sauran da suke kewayan tafkuna. Wannan yasa masana suka dukufa wajen binciko sababbin hanyoyi da dabaru kan yadda za'a bunkasa amfanin gona. Wannan ya zama dalilin da wasu yan kasuwa suka tsunduma cikin harkar nom wanda yanzu a kasani da noman kasuwanci (commercial agriculture) inda wani mutum ko kungiya ko kasa ko nahiya ta dogara kan noma amfani kaza da kaza, wanda wannan amfani bayan an noma shi kuma za'a fita dashi waje dan samun gwagwgwabar riba.
Hakanan juyin-juya hali da aka samu a bangaren masana'antu ya samar da kirkire-kirkire a harkar noma da kiwo. Musamman fannin noman rani (irrigation), kimiyar hada jinsi biyu ko fiye da haka (genetics) da kuma girbe amfanin gona.Amma kimiyar hada jinsi biyu ko fiye da haka ana yinsa kan dalilai da yawa kamar don bunkasa yawa da juriya amfanin gona da dabbar kiwo wanan ya sauya fasalin noman wannan zamani baki daya. Hakanan sababbin irin noma da ake samu a dakunan gwaje-gwaje (laborotories) masu juriya da nagarta kuma dan su biya bukatar kasuwa da mutane.Wannan yasa duniya ta kai ga cimma bukatarta ta abinci,nama ,suturu da sauransu ga al'ummar da takai kimanin mutane sama da biliyan 7. in Allah ya kai mu lokacin na gaba zamu tattauna akan tarihin noma da kiwo a najeriya.
Sunday, 1 April 2012
ABIN DA WANNAN MUDAWWANAR (Blog) TA KUNSA
SALAM , zan dauki yan mintuna nayima bayanin abin da wannan mudawwanar (blog) ta kunsa, zan fara da tarihin kaina an haifeni a unguwar Zango cikin birnin kano Najeriya shekara 21 da suka gabata, yawan neman ilimi ya kai ni karkara kuma yawancin abokai na sun fito daga karkara kuma sun kasance manoma inda makaranta ta hada mu. zama tare dasu a karkara cikin gonaki ya sanya min soyayyar wannan harka, wanda wannan yasa na fara koyar noma dakiwo daga wajensu da kuma hanyoyin bunkasa shi musamman a yankin arewacin najeriya wanda ake mai kallon koma baya. Nayi imani ba wani abu mai dadi kuma tabbatacce ga wannan kasa mai albarka da Allah ya ni'imta mu da ita kamar rungumar wannan harka ta noma da kiwo.ta hanyar noma da kiwo babu wani abu na jin dadin rayuwa da zai gagaremu samu a wannan duniya, domin albarkar noma da kiwo yawa ne da ita. kasancewa ta mutum mai yawan tafiye-tafiye naje garuwa daban-daban na halarci tarurruka masu yawa kan yadda za a bunkasa wannan harkar.na ziyarci manoma da gonaki daban-daban wanda ske noma amfani iri-iri da gidajen gona inda ake kiwon kama daga tsutsaye,dabbobi,kifaye,kwari da sauransu wannaan ilimi da nake dashi naga ya zama wajibi na amayar da shi gareku don amfanin ku da kuma wannan yanki namu.Dalilin haka na yanke hukuncin bude wannan mudawwanar don ta zama wata matattara ta bayanai aka abin dana koya ta hanyar gogayyata da manoma,binciken da nai kan wannan harka da tattaunawar da nai da malaman gona, malaman jami'o'i na tsangayar noma da kiwo da fatan zasu zama masu amfani a gareku. Fatana shine manoma da masu sha'awar shiga wannan harka ta noma da kiwo za su karu da abubuwan da zamu tattauna a wannann mudawwar, zamu zuba ido don ganin tambayoyin ku,karin haske da kuma gyra akan abin da muka yi kuskure. Fadakarwa; wannan mudawwana 9blog0 ba su daga cikin manufofinta sayarwa ko tallata wata hajja ko siyasa. babban kudurin mu shine yada bayanai, ta inda zamu dinga kawo muku labarai da dumi-dumin su da suka shafi noma da kiwo,shawarwari da hanyoyin bunkasa wannan harka ta hanyar samun bashi cikin sauki,taki mai inganci da kuma iri. don wannan yanki ya tsere wa sa'a ta fuskar noma da kiwo a duniya baki daya. In Allah ya kai mu lokaci na gaba zan kawo mukala akan tarihin noma da kiwo. nagode.
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