HAMADA DA TALAUCI
Hakikanin gaskiya shine talauci yana kafada da kafada da gari ko kasa dake tare da annobar hamada domin kuwa bincike ya nuna kashi 90 cikin 100 na mutanen da suke rayuwa a kan tudu (dryland) a kasashe masu tasowa suna rayuwa ne cikin talauci da koma bayan tattalin arziki. Wannan matsala ta samo asali ne saboda lalacewar kasar noma da raguwar yawan abin da ake girba duk shekara.Ga wahalhalu na rayuwa da kuma wuya da suke sha kafin su samu kayan aiki na zamani wanda zai rage yawan ayyuka da kuma rage daukar dogon lokaci. Wannan a bayyane yake ga duk wanda yai kyakykyawan nazari a yankin nan namu na arewacin najeriyya wanda binciken masana ya tabbatar da yana cikin yanki da talauci da rashin aikin yi yai kamari, wannan kuwa ya faru ne saboda tasirin da wannan annoba ta hamada tayi wajen toshe dukkan kafofin bunkasar tattalin arzikin wannan yanki wato noma da kiwo.Hamada a wannan yankin namu tana mamayar kamar yadda masana suka fada tafiyar kilomita 6 a duk shekara, inda take rufe kasa ruf, ta haifar da munanan cututtuka iri-iri, ga dumamar yanayi wanda yake sa mutanwe su dinga shakar iska mai tsanann zafi, ga wata iska mai karfi mai tattare da kura wato (guguwa), hakanan yawancin tafkunan mu da rijiyoyin mu suna ta kafewa wanda wannan babbar barazana ce ga manoma da makiyayan mu. Sannan wannan annoba ta hamada ta janyo duk yawancin hanyoyin mu na karkara duk sun mutu, sun zagwanye ta yadda safarar kayan amfanin gona daga karkara zuwa kasuwanni yake zama matsala wanda wannan yake kawo tashin kayayyakin abinci a mafi yawa daga garuruwan wannan yanki namu. Makiyaya kuwa suna fuskanta rama, rashin lafiya da kuzari kai har ta kai ana samun mutuwar dabbobi saboda karancin wajen kiwo da kuma kafewar kogunan mu inda nan ne mashayar yawancin wadannan dabbobi.
SAKAMAKON HAMADA
Sakamakon wannan annoba ta hamada an samu kaura sosai inda yawancin mutanen karkara suke barin kauyuka suna komo wa birni saboda matsananci halin da suke ciki, wanda wannan ya haifar da rashin aikin yi saboda yawan mutanen da suke kwararowa cikin birni ba kaukautawa, kaza lika yawan harkoki marasa kyawu irn su fashi,damfara da sauransu sai karuwa suke yi. Hakanan can karkara yawanci tana zama kufai ba damar ayi noma saboda yashi ya cinye gonakin mutane wanda wannan ya kawo karanci da tsadar abinci da bamu taba fuskantar saba a tarihin wannan kasa, inda kullum kayan abinci da na masarufi farashin kara sama yake. Matsalar samun iska mara dadi me kura ga kafewar rafuna da kogunan mu wato mashayar dabbobin mu na kiwo. Hada-hadar kasuwanci ma tayi kasa sosai saboda wannan annoba wanda ta shafi kowa da kowa ma'ana har gwamnati da shuwagabannin mu domin kudin shiga wato (revenue) yana raguwa ta fuskar hada-hadar kasuwanci da kuma noma da kiwo.
INA MAFITA
Mafita dai farko kamar yadda na fada a baya cewa ita annobar hamada matsala ce da ta shafi kusan kowa da kowa ma'ana gwamnati,manoma,makiyaya,attajirai,talakawa da daidaikun al'umma ashe in kuwa hakane ya zama wajibi mu tashi tsaye mu yaki wannan annobar kafin ta kai ga kayar da mu. Abin da nake ganin mafi muhimmanci shine doka da oda ma'ana kowannan mu yayi kokari wajen kare dokokin da hukumomin gwamnati suke sanyawa kamar hana sare bishiyoyi da kuma yin noma da kiwo bisa ka'ida. Mafita ta biyu shine tona rijiyoyi da kyakykyawan tsari wajen noman rani. Na san dukkan mu mun san cewar masu sare bishiyoyi suna hakane yawanci don yin amfani da icen wajen yin girke-girke da dafe-dafe to anan gwamnati idan ta saukar da farashi tare da wadata al'umma da man kananzir wannan zai sa yan kasa su koma yin amfani da risho don yin girki. ba man kananzir ba har su gawayin kol, iskar gas da sauransu duk zasu taimaka gaya wajen rage yawan kona itace akai-akai. Dashen bishiyoyi ma yana da alfanu sosai wajen yakar hamada, amma a tabbatar in an dasa a samu masu kula dasu har su kai ga kama kasa. Anan zan dakata sai mun hadu a mako nagaba. NAGODE.
Sunday, 24 June 2012
Thursday, 14 June 2012
MAFITA GAME DA KWARAROWAR HAMADA A YANKIN AREWA (1)
Masu karatu barkan mu da sake saduwa a wannan mako a wannan mudawwana tamu ta noma da kiwo wacce take tattauna al'amuran noma da kiwo musamman a wannan yanki namu na arewacin najeriyya. Wannan makon da yardar mai duka zamu tattauna akan wannan bakuwar matsalar nan da tak ci taki cinyewa wato matsalar kwararowar hamada wanda da muke jin labari daga kasashe masu nisa to yau gata a kofar gidanmu illah iyaka muyi kokari wajen samar da mafita kafin wankin hula ya kai mu dare.
Kwararowar hamada na daya daga cikin manyan matsalolin da mafi yawancin jahohin arewacin wannan kasa suke fama da ita. Jahohin nan sun hada da sokoto,kebbi,zamfara,yobe,jigawa kano,bauchi,katsina inda kuma tafi kamari shine jahar borno(inda ta mamaye ku san gabaki dayan yankin kudu na jahar). Inda ta haifar da koma baya a habbakar noma sakamakon mamayar da tulin rairayi yayi wa filayen noman. Har ta kai ga ministan muhalli na najeriyya yayi hasashen cewa a dukkan matsalolin da wannan kasa take fuskanta a bangaren muhalli ,kwararowar hamada ce babbar kalubale na muhalli a kasar nan, wanda in ba an tashi tsaye anyi maganin taba zai haifar da mummunan karancin abinci sakamakon afkuwar fari da hamadar kan haddasa. Bincike ya tabbatar da cewa karancin ruwan sama da ake samu a duk shekara, afkuwar fari da lalacewar kasar noma ya samo asali ne da wannan matsala ta HAMADA.
MENENE HAMADA ?
Hamada kamar yadda muka sani shine lalacewar kasar tudu (dryland). wanda tana faruwa ne sakamakon abubuwa da dama kamar canjin yanayi daga Allah da kuma ayyuka ko mu'amalolin dan'adam na yau da kullum. Haka nan hukumar abinci da noma ta majalisar dinkin duniya ta tabbatar da cewa kwararowar hamada ita ce babbar matsalar muhalli a duk fadin duniya inda suka fassara kwararowar hamada da kyakykyawra kasa ta koma sahara sakamakon saran bishiyoyi,fari, ko noman gona ba bisa ka'ida ba.
TAKAITACCEN TARIHI
Hamada a duk fadin duniya ta samo asali daga yanayi da yake kai kawo a lokaci mai tsawo daya gabata.cikin yawancin wadannan lokuta hamada tana fadada da kawo tasgaro ga ayyukan yau da kullum na dan'adam. Wadansu girman su ya zarce hankali kamar wannan babbar hamada ta duniya wadda ake kira da SAHARA.Kwararowar hamada ta taka rawar gani a zamantakewar dan'adam, inda ta taimaka gaya a wajen faduwar mafi yawa daga manya-manyan daulolin duniya kamar su daular girka, daular rumawa da sauran su.
INDA HAMADA TA SHAFA
Bincike ya nuna wajen kashi 40-41 cikin dari na duniya tudu ne wanda ya zama matsuguni ga mutane kimanin biliyan biyu, sannan an kintaci cewa kashi 10-20 cikin 100 na tudu a halin yanzu hamada ta cinye wanda ya kai gwargwadon murabba'in kilomita miliyan 6-12, ya nuna kenan kashi 6 cikin 100 a halin yanzu suna rayuwa ne a cikin hamada, sannan akwai kimanin mutane biliyan daya da suke cikin dar-dar na mamayar hamada .kamar yadda muka fada a baya cewa SAHARA ita ce babbar hamada a duk fadin duniya a halin yanzu tana matsawa kudu da gudun kilomita 48 a duk shekara.
ME KE KAWO HAMADA.
Sannan abin da yake kawo wannan annobar ta hamada shine mummunar dabi'ar nan ta nutanen mu na yawan sare bishiyoyi ba bisa ka'ida ba, sannan ko da an sare don wata bukatar zaka ga shi ke nan ba za'a sa wata a madadin wannan wadda aka sare ba. Abi na biyu shine yawan noman gona akai-akai ba kakkautawa, domin yawan noman gona yana sa sinadaran dake cikin kasa su kare dai-dai lokacin da ba zata iya samar da wadan suba. Wannan yafi faruwa ga masu noman rani shine nake ganin ya kamata nai kira ga manoman rani da su tabbata suna bin shawarar kwararru don kaucewa irin wadannan matsaloli. In Allah ya kai mu lokaci na gaba zamu dora a inda muka tsaya. NAGODE
Kwararowar hamada na daya daga cikin manyan matsalolin da mafi yawancin jahohin arewacin wannan kasa suke fama da ita. Jahohin nan sun hada da sokoto,kebbi,zamfara,yobe,jigawa kano,bauchi,katsina inda kuma tafi kamari shine jahar borno(inda ta mamaye ku san gabaki dayan yankin kudu na jahar). Inda ta haifar da koma baya a habbakar noma sakamakon mamayar da tulin rairayi yayi wa filayen noman. Har ta kai ga ministan muhalli na najeriyya yayi hasashen cewa a dukkan matsalolin da wannan kasa take fuskanta a bangaren muhalli ,kwararowar hamada ce babbar kalubale na muhalli a kasar nan, wanda in ba an tashi tsaye anyi maganin taba zai haifar da mummunan karancin abinci sakamakon afkuwar fari da hamadar kan haddasa. Bincike ya tabbatar da cewa karancin ruwan sama da ake samu a duk shekara, afkuwar fari da lalacewar kasar noma ya samo asali ne da wannan matsala ta HAMADA.
MENENE HAMADA ?
Hamada kamar yadda muka sani shine lalacewar kasar tudu (dryland). wanda tana faruwa ne sakamakon abubuwa da dama kamar canjin yanayi daga Allah da kuma ayyuka ko mu'amalolin dan'adam na yau da kullum. Haka nan hukumar abinci da noma ta majalisar dinkin duniya ta tabbatar da cewa kwararowar hamada ita ce babbar matsalar muhalli a duk fadin duniya inda suka fassara kwararowar hamada da kyakykyawra kasa ta koma sahara sakamakon saran bishiyoyi,fari, ko noman gona ba bisa ka'ida ba.
TAKAITACCEN TARIHI
Hamada a duk fadin duniya ta samo asali daga yanayi da yake kai kawo a lokaci mai tsawo daya gabata.cikin yawancin wadannan lokuta hamada tana fadada da kawo tasgaro ga ayyukan yau da kullum na dan'adam. Wadansu girman su ya zarce hankali kamar wannan babbar hamada ta duniya wadda ake kira da SAHARA.Kwararowar hamada ta taka rawar gani a zamantakewar dan'adam, inda ta taimaka gaya a wajen faduwar mafi yawa daga manya-manyan daulolin duniya kamar su daular girka, daular rumawa da sauran su.
INDA HAMADA TA SHAFA
Bincike ya nuna wajen kashi 40-41 cikin dari na duniya tudu ne wanda ya zama matsuguni ga mutane kimanin biliyan biyu, sannan an kintaci cewa kashi 10-20 cikin 100 na tudu a halin yanzu hamada ta cinye wanda ya kai gwargwadon murabba'in kilomita miliyan 6-12, ya nuna kenan kashi 6 cikin 100 a halin yanzu suna rayuwa ne a cikin hamada, sannan akwai kimanin mutane biliyan daya da suke cikin dar-dar na mamayar hamada .kamar yadda muka fada a baya cewa SAHARA ita ce babbar hamada a duk fadin duniya a halin yanzu tana matsawa kudu da gudun kilomita 48 a duk shekara.
ME KE KAWO HAMADA.
Sannan abin da yake kawo wannan annobar ta hamada shine mummunar dabi'ar nan ta nutanen mu na yawan sare bishiyoyi ba bisa ka'ida ba, sannan ko da an sare don wata bukatar zaka ga shi ke nan ba za'a sa wata a madadin wannan wadda aka sare ba. Abi na biyu shine yawan noman gona akai-akai ba kakkautawa, domin yawan noman gona yana sa sinadaran dake cikin kasa su kare dai-dai lokacin da ba zata iya samar da wadan suba. Wannan yafi faruwa ga masu noman rani shine nake ganin ya kamata nai kira ga manoman rani da su tabbata suna bin shawarar kwararru don kaucewa irin wadannan matsaloli. In Allah ya kai mu lokaci na gaba zamu dora a inda muka tsaya. NAGODE
Sunday, 10 June 2012
NOMAN MASARA (2)
Barkan mu da sake saduwa a wannan mako inda muke bayani akan amfanin gona mafi samun daukaka a tsakanin yan'uwansa wato masara, in baku manta ba wancan mako mun yi gabatarwa da takaitaccen bayani da asalin masara da yardar mai duka wannan mako zamu tsunduma yin bayani akan yadda ake noman masara domin kara fadada ilimi da kuma sabbin dabarun shuka na zamani.
Abin na farko wanda na san duk manomin masara ya san wannan shine dole kowace gona da za ai noman masara a cikinta ya kasance a tudu take wato ma'ana bata rike ruwa ko kuma da anyi ruwa nan da nan zata shanye shi a dan lokaci kalilan, sannan ya kasance gonar ta zama tana dauke da albarka wato (nutrient) wanda zasu bawa irin masara taimako wajen saurin fitowa. Kenan mun fahimci cewa noman masara ba a kowace gona ya kamata ayi ba dole sai an bincika an samu wadda ta cika wadannan siffofi da muka ambata a sama.Masana sun raba masarar mu zuwa gida biyu kamar haka ;
(1) MASARAR ZAMANI : wato wadda muke ganin ta da farin jiki ko yalo iri masarar zamani yana da yalwa sosai domin manomi ya kan girbi masara da takai Tan 3 zuwa 7 a duk kadada daya bayan haka kuma yana da surin fitowa. Domin kuwa daga fitowarsa ba zai kwana 100 ba zai kosa ga kuma juriya daga kwari da cututtuka kuma koda a kwari ne akan ioya shuka ta kuma ta fito.
(2)MASARAR GARGAJIYYA: Masarar mu ta dauri tana da iri kala-kala kuma a kan hadata da sauranv amfanin gona kamar wake,gyada da sauransu, sannan tana ba da amfani mai yawa in aka girbe.
lokutan shuka masara a wannan yanki namu kamar yadda muka sani shine wannan yanki namu kamar yadda mu kai bayani a baya cewa damunar mu bata da tsayi shine nake ganin zan bawa manoman mu na masara shawarar cewa daga watan hudu zuwa na biyar su tabbatar sun shuka masarar su domin masarar ta kosa da wuri kamar yadda muka fada a baya. Sannan a kiyayi yin noman masara akasan inda itatuwa suka lullube don a kaucewa lullumi wanda yake zama illa ga girma da kosawar masara.
Masarar mu ta gargajiyya mai kalar ja da fara za'a shuka irin ta mai nauyin kilo 18 a cikin kowace kadada daya. Akan sa daya ko biyu cikin kowane rami. Sannan yana da kyau a bar ratar kamu uku a tsakanin kowace shuka. Yayin da masarar zamani kamar yadda masana suke bayar da shawara cewar ya kamata a dinga barin ratar santimita (centimeter) 90 yayin da tsakanin kunya zuwa kunya a dinga barin santimita 34.Ana bukatar iri mai nauyin Tan 25 a kowace kadada daya inda za'a dinga sa iri biyu a duk rami daya.
Abi na gaba shine taki wanda mukai mukalar sa a baya, to masara akan watsa mata takin zamani ko na gargajiyya. Manomin masara kan iya watsa taki a gonarsa kafin yayi shuka ko kuma bayan yayi shuka, a lura cewa ba kowane taki na zamani ko na gargajiyya ba za'a watsa a gonar masara ba wato ya kasance an tantance wane taki ne zaifi dacewa ga masara.
Masara na bukatar nome ciyayin da suke kusa da ita kafin ta girma, sannan anai mata feshin maganin kwari
Abin na farko wanda na san duk manomin masara ya san wannan shine dole kowace gona da za ai noman masara a cikinta ya kasance a tudu take wato ma'ana bata rike ruwa ko kuma da anyi ruwa nan da nan zata shanye shi a dan lokaci kalilan, sannan ya kasance gonar ta zama tana dauke da albarka wato (nutrient) wanda zasu bawa irin masara taimako wajen saurin fitowa. Kenan mun fahimci cewa noman masara ba a kowace gona ya kamata ayi ba dole sai an bincika an samu wadda ta cika wadannan siffofi da muka ambata a sama.Masana sun raba masarar mu zuwa gida biyu kamar haka ;
(1) MASARAR ZAMANI : wato wadda muke ganin ta da farin jiki ko yalo iri masarar zamani yana da yalwa sosai domin manomi ya kan girbi masara da takai Tan 3 zuwa 7 a duk kadada daya bayan haka kuma yana da surin fitowa. Domin kuwa daga fitowarsa ba zai kwana 100 ba zai kosa ga kuma juriya daga kwari da cututtuka kuma koda a kwari ne akan ioya shuka ta kuma ta fito.
(2)MASARAR GARGAJIYYA: Masarar mu ta dauri tana da iri kala-kala kuma a kan hadata da sauranv amfanin gona kamar wake,gyada da sauransu, sannan tana ba da amfani mai yawa in aka girbe.
lokutan shuka masara a wannan yanki namu kamar yadda muka sani shine wannan yanki namu kamar yadda mu kai bayani a baya cewa damunar mu bata da tsayi shine nake ganin zan bawa manoman mu na masara shawarar cewa daga watan hudu zuwa na biyar su tabbatar sun shuka masarar su domin masarar ta kosa da wuri kamar yadda muka fada a baya. Sannan a kiyayi yin noman masara akasan inda itatuwa suka lullube don a kaucewa lullumi wanda yake zama illa ga girma da kosawar masara.
Masarar mu ta gargajiyya mai kalar ja da fara za'a shuka irin ta mai nauyin kilo 18 a cikin kowace kadada daya. Akan sa daya ko biyu cikin kowane rami. Sannan yana da kyau a bar ratar kamu uku a tsakanin kowace shuka. Yayin da masarar zamani kamar yadda masana suke bayar da shawara cewar ya kamata a dinga barin ratar santimita (centimeter) 90 yayin da tsakanin kunya zuwa kunya a dinga barin santimita 34.Ana bukatar iri mai nauyin Tan 25 a kowace kadada daya inda za'a dinga sa iri biyu a duk rami daya.
Abi na gaba shine taki wanda mukai mukalar sa a baya, to masara akan watsa mata takin zamani ko na gargajiyya. Manomin masara kan iya watsa taki a gonarsa kafin yayi shuka ko kuma bayan yayi shuka, a lura cewa ba kowane taki na zamani ko na gargajiyya ba za'a watsa a gonar masara ba wato ya kasance an tantance wane taki ne zaifi dacewa ga masara.
Masara na bukatar nome ciyayin da suke kusa da ita kafin ta girma, sannan anai mata feshin maganin kwari
Sunday, 3 June 2012
NOMAN MASARA 1
Masu karatu barkan mu da sake saduwa a wannan mudawwana ta noma da kiwo da fatan ana samun waraka daga abubuwan da muke tattaunawa a wannan mudawwana tamu Allah yasa mu dace AMIN.A wannan mako zamu yi bayani ne akan wannan amfanin gonar mai dadadden tarihi, mai gina jiki da kuma juriya daga kwari. Bincike ya tabbatar da ana girbe sama da tan miliyan 800 na wannan amfani gona a fadin duniya. Da yardar maiduka zamu tattauna ne akan Asali, takaitaccen tarihin masara, yadda ake noman masara musamman a wannan yanki namu da kuma alfanun dake tattare da wannan amfani gona mai tsohon zamani.
TAKAITACCEN TARIHI
Masara tana daga dangin ciyayin nan da ake kira da GENIUS POECAE, wanda suka kunshi fiye da kala dubu na na ciyayi. Masara kamar yadda muka sani tana da yanayi da hatsi kamar Alkama, Dawa da sauran su.Hujjojin kimiyyar aikin gona sun tabbatar da cewa yabanyar da a yanzu muka santa da Masara an fara gano tane wajen shekaur 7000 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa da suka shude, daga cikin ganyayyakin dajin nan wato TOASINTE. Masarar yanzu ta sha ban-ban data waccan zamani domin kuwa kusan har yawancin manoman mu na yanzu bana tsammanin sun san cewa waccan masara ta dauri tafi ta wannan zamani kankanta da dandano ba kamar irin ta yanzu ba. Haka abin yaci gaba da tafiya har zuwa shekara ta 1500 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, inda turawan daji (mesoamerican) suka zamanantar da masara tahanyar amfani da dabarun noma zuwa yadda muke ganin ta a yau. A karni na 16 zuwa na 18 ne, noman Masara ya bunkasa ya shiga dukkan sasannin duniya sakamakon mulkin mallakar turawa, wannan yasa sukekai irin Masara nahiyoyi da dama kuma ya samu damar karbuwa ga kusan dukkan mutane.
AMFANIN MASARA
Kadan daga cikin amfani da ake da masara shine ana sarrafata a mai da ita gari don yin Tuwo, Kunu da sauransu, idan an tankade ta tsakin ana baiwa dabbobi a matsayin abinci. Hakanan masana'antun maganin zazzabi ma suna amfani da masara domin hade-haden magungunan su da kuma kamfanonin lemuna da makamantansu.Ba haka nan kadai ba kamfanonuwan tufafi ma suna amfani da masara wani zubin a madadin roba.
ADADIN NOMAN MASARA
Bincike ya tabbatar da Masara ita ce amfanin gonar da aka fi nomawa a duniya, adadin da ake noma wa kamar yadda hukumar noma da abinci ta majalisar dinkin duniya ta wallafa a shekarar 2005 ya nuna ana noman masara da yakai tan miliyan 692 a duniya.Kasar Amurka inda aka fi noman masara suna noma kashi 40 cikin 100 sauran kakashen da suke mara mata baya sun hada da Cana,Meziko,Indunusiya,Indiya,Faransa, da kuma Ajentina. Binciken baya-bayannan ya nuna ana noma tan miliyan 817 na Masara a duniya inda ake noma kadada miliyan 159.In Allah ya kai mu mako na gaba zamu yi bayani yadda ake noman masara musamman a wannan yanki namu. NAGODE.
TAKAITACCEN TARIHI
Masara tana daga dangin ciyayin nan da ake kira da GENIUS POECAE, wanda suka kunshi fiye da kala dubu na na ciyayi. Masara kamar yadda muka sani tana da yanayi da hatsi kamar Alkama, Dawa da sauran su.Hujjojin kimiyyar aikin gona sun tabbatar da cewa yabanyar da a yanzu muka santa da Masara an fara gano tane wajen shekaur 7000 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa da suka shude, daga cikin ganyayyakin dajin nan wato TOASINTE. Masarar yanzu ta sha ban-ban data waccan zamani domin kuwa kusan har yawancin manoman mu na yanzu bana tsammanin sun san cewa waccan masara ta dauri tafi ta wannan zamani kankanta da dandano ba kamar irin ta yanzu ba. Haka abin yaci gaba da tafiya har zuwa shekara ta 1500 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, inda turawan daji (mesoamerican) suka zamanantar da masara tahanyar amfani da dabarun noma zuwa yadda muke ganin ta a yau. A karni na 16 zuwa na 18 ne, noman Masara ya bunkasa ya shiga dukkan sasannin duniya sakamakon mulkin mallakar turawa, wannan yasa sukekai irin Masara nahiyoyi da dama kuma ya samu damar karbuwa ga kusan dukkan mutane.
AMFANIN MASARA
Kadan daga cikin amfani da ake da masara shine ana sarrafata a mai da ita gari don yin Tuwo, Kunu da sauransu, idan an tankade ta tsakin ana baiwa dabbobi a matsayin abinci. Hakanan masana'antun maganin zazzabi ma suna amfani da masara domin hade-haden magungunan su da kuma kamfanonin lemuna da makamantansu.Ba haka nan kadai ba kamfanonuwan tufafi ma suna amfani da masara wani zubin a madadin roba.
ADADIN NOMAN MASARA
Bincike ya tabbatar da Masara ita ce amfanin gonar da aka fi nomawa a duniya, adadin da ake noma wa kamar yadda hukumar noma da abinci ta majalisar dinkin duniya ta wallafa a shekarar 2005 ya nuna ana noman masara da yakai tan miliyan 692 a duniya.Kasar Amurka inda aka fi noman masara suna noma kashi 40 cikin 100 sauran kakashen da suke mara mata baya sun hada da Cana,Meziko,Indunusiya,Indiya,Faransa, da kuma Ajentina. Binciken baya-bayannan ya nuna ana noma tan miliyan 817 na Masara a duniya inda ake noma kadada miliyan 159.In Allah ya kai mu mako na gaba zamu yi bayani yadda ake noman masara musamman a wannan yanki namu. NAGODE.
Sunday, 27 May 2012
NOMAN RANI (NOMAN BAN RUWA)
Noman rani ko noman ban ruwa kamar yadda muka sani shine zuba ko sanya ruwa a gona ko kuma wata hanya ta gudanar da aikin gona ba tare da dogaro da ruwan sama ba ko zuwan damina ba kamar a wasu wuraren da suke da karancin ruwan sama ko ake samun yankewar ruwan sama a tsakiyar damina. Bayan wannan noman ban ruwa yana taimakawa wajen kara girman amfanin gona, kula da filin noma,sake rayar da filin noma musamman a lokacin rani.Amfanin noman ban ruwa ga amfanin gona ko da ita gonar kanta bai tsaya anan ba domin yana taimakawa wajen kare amfanin gona daga kwari,kassara ciyayin da suke fitowa a cikin gona, yana taimakawa gaya wajen hana zaizayar kasa a cikin gona, sannan yana ba da damar yin shuka fiye da sau daya a shekara.
TAKAITACCEN TARIHI
Noman ban ruwa kamar yadda dalilai na tarihi da binciken masana suka tabbatar abune mai dadadden tarihi musamman yankunan hamada da kuma yankunan da suke gabar koguna.Bincike ya tabbatar da shekaru masu yawa kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa ake noman ban ruwa a kogin nan na FURATA (AL-FURAT) dake aksar Iraki. A nahiyar afirika ma noman ban ruwa an fara shine a wajen karni na farko zuwa karni na biyu kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa wanda ya dogara ne da jan ruwa daga koguna kamar kogin nan na Nilu da sauransu.Amma samun cigaba na zamani da kuma shigowa injina masu aiki da man gas ko wutar lantarki wannan ya bunkasa harkar noman ban ruwa matuka gaya ta inda irin wadannan injinan tso-tso ruwa (pumping machine) sukan iya tso-tso miliyoyin lita na ruwa cikin takaitaccen lokaci.
Mizanin amfani da kayayyakin noman ban ruwa a duniya ya kai wajen kilomita 2,788,000 (wato eka miliyan 689) ta gonaki noma masu dauke da injinan ban ruwa a shekarar 2000. Inda wajen kashi 68 cikin dari na wadannan gonaki suna yankin ashiya ne inda kashi 17 yake ya ke a kasar Amurka,kashi 9 a nahiyar Turai yayin da kashi 5 cikin dari yake nahiyar mu ta Afirika.Inda aka fi noman ban ruwa a duk faduin duniya shine arewacin indiya da fakistan kusa da kogunan da ake kira da GANGES da INDUS. Binciken baya-bayannan da aka gudanar a shekarar 2008 ya nuna ana amfani da wajen kilomita 3,245,566 wanda ya kai kusan fadin kasar Indiya gaba dayanta.
Wadansu kamar yadda muka fada suna amfani da injina don ban ruwa a gona yayin da wasu kuma suke amfani da bokitai da butoci dan yi ban ruwa a gona da sauran hanyoyi masu yawa wanda in mun samu dama nan gaba zamu kara fadada bayani gamsashshe akai.Amma ya kamata mu sani cewa mu mun saba muna kiran irin wannan noma da noman rani a kasashe irin su Iran yawancin noman da a keyi ana yinsa ta hanyar ban ruwa a gona ko da kuwa a lokutan damina ne saboda karancin ruwan sama da suke fama da shi.Wani bincike da hukumar noma da abinci ta majalisar dinkin duniya ta wallafa a shekarar 1991 ya nuna a yankin Afirika ana amfani da kadada milyan 6 ne kawai wajen noman ban ruwa a cikin kadada miliyanm 40 da za'a iya wannan aiki dasu.Duk da haka zami kira ga gwamnatocimu kan su taimakawa manomanmu da injinan zamani na ban ruwa don kara yawan abincin da ake samarwa a wannan kasa.Sai mun hadu a mako na gaba. NAGODE.
TAKAITACCEN TARIHI
Noman ban ruwa kamar yadda dalilai na tarihi da binciken masana suka tabbatar abune mai dadadden tarihi musamman yankunan hamada da kuma yankunan da suke gabar koguna.Bincike ya tabbatar da shekaru masu yawa kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa ake noman ban ruwa a kogin nan na FURATA (AL-FURAT) dake aksar Iraki. A nahiyar afirika ma noman ban ruwa an fara shine a wajen karni na farko zuwa karni na biyu kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa wanda ya dogara ne da jan ruwa daga koguna kamar kogin nan na Nilu da sauransu.Amma samun cigaba na zamani da kuma shigowa injina masu aiki da man gas ko wutar lantarki wannan ya bunkasa harkar noman ban ruwa matuka gaya ta inda irin wadannan injinan tso-tso ruwa (pumping machine) sukan iya tso-tso miliyoyin lita na ruwa cikin takaitaccen lokaci.
Mizanin amfani da kayayyakin noman ban ruwa a duniya ya kai wajen kilomita 2,788,000 (wato eka miliyan 689) ta gonaki noma masu dauke da injinan ban ruwa a shekarar 2000. Inda wajen kashi 68 cikin dari na wadannan gonaki suna yankin ashiya ne inda kashi 17 yake ya ke a kasar Amurka,kashi 9 a nahiyar Turai yayin da kashi 5 cikin dari yake nahiyar mu ta Afirika.Inda aka fi noman ban ruwa a duk faduin duniya shine arewacin indiya da fakistan kusa da kogunan da ake kira da GANGES da INDUS. Binciken baya-bayannan da aka gudanar a shekarar 2008 ya nuna ana amfani da wajen kilomita 3,245,566 wanda ya kai kusan fadin kasar Indiya gaba dayanta.
Wadansu kamar yadda muka fada suna amfani da injina don ban ruwa a gona yayin da wasu kuma suke amfani da bokitai da butoci dan yi ban ruwa a gona da sauran hanyoyi masu yawa wanda in mun samu dama nan gaba zamu kara fadada bayani gamsashshe akai.Amma ya kamata mu sani cewa mu mun saba muna kiran irin wannan noma da noman rani a kasashe irin su Iran yawancin noman da a keyi ana yinsa ta hanyar ban ruwa a gona ko da kuwa a lokutan damina ne saboda karancin ruwan sama da suke fama da shi.Wani bincike da hukumar noma da abinci ta majalisar dinkin duniya ta wallafa a shekarar 1991 ya nuna a yankin Afirika ana amfani da kadada milyan 6 ne kawai wajen noman ban ruwa a cikin kadada miliyanm 40 da za'a iya wannan aiki dasu.Duk da haka zami kira ga gwamnatocimu kan su taimakawa manomanmu da injinan zamani na ban ruwa don kara yawan abincin da ake samarwa a wannan kasa.Sai mun hadu a mako na gaba. NAGODE.
Friday, 18 May 2012
KAYAYYAKIN AMFANI A CIKIN GONA 3
Barkan mu da sake saduwa a wannan makon a wannan mudawwana tamu ta manoma mai albarka, idan mai karatu bai mantaba makonni biyu da suka gabata mun tattauna a wannan maudu'i namu na kayayyakin amfani a cikin gona (farm input) in da muka tattauna akan abin da ya shafi iri da taki inda wannan makon da yardar Allah zamu tattauna akan magungunan kashe kwari wato (pesticide) da kuma na kashe ciyawa wato (herbicide).
TAKAITACCEN TARIHI
Binciken masana tarihi ya tabbatar da cewa kimanin shekaru 2000 kafin zuwan Annabi Isa mutane sukan sarrafa wadansu sinadarai su samar da wadansu magunguna don su kare amfanin gonakinsu daga kwari. Farkon sanannen maganin kwari shine na sinadarin SULFUR wanda turawan daji wato (mesopotamia) suke amfani da shi wajen shekaru 4500 da suka gabata. Suma indiyawan THE RIG VEDA kimanin shekaru 4000 da suka shude suna amfani da wadansu ganyayyaki masu guba don kashe kwari.A karni na 15 ne aka kirkiro wadansu magunguna masu guba irin su ANSENIC, MERCURY da kuma LEAD ana fesa sune ga amfanin gona don su kashe kwari yayin da a karni na 17 ne sinadarin nan na NICOTINE SULFATE aka fid dashi daga ganyayyakin taba don kare amfanin gona daga cutarwar kwari. Binciken baya-bayannan ya nuna akwai sanannun sinadaran hada magungunan feshi wajen guda1,055 da kuma magungunan feshi masu rijista da suka haura 16,000. Amma maganin kashe ciyawa wato (herbicide) an fara amfani dashi ne a shekarar 1960 har zuwa yau.Saboda irin hadararrukan da yake cikin amfani da irin wadannan magunguna ne gwamnatoci su kan kafa dokoki kan amfani da irin wadannan magunguna ta hanyar hukumomi don su sa ido na ganin cewa anyi amfani da wadannan magunguna yadda ya kamata kuma bisa ka'ida.
BAYANI
Maganin kashe kwari wato (pesticide) ya kunshi sinadari ko hade-haden sinadarai domin su hana,su kashe,ko su zama kariya ga amfanin gona daga kwari.wannan kuwa ya hadarda cututtukan jikin bil'adama da dabbobi da ciyayi ko kuma dukkan wata halitta da take cutar da amfanin gona ko dabbobin kiwo; wajen nan zai iya zama cikin gona ne ko wajen sarrafa amfanin gona ne wato ma'aikata ko cikin Rumbu ne inda ake ajiyar amfanin gona ko a wajen safarar amfanin gona ne daga wani wuri zuwa wani wuri ko kuwa a wajen cinikayyar sune wato kasuwa. Maganin kashe kwari yana da fadi sosai domin kuwa yakunshi dukkan wasu sinadarai da aka sarrafa don hana kwari rabar jikin dabbobin kiwo. Hakanan dukkan sinadarin da akai amfani dashi don kula da girman yabanya,ko hana kayan marmari daga fadowa daga kan bishiya kafin su kai ga nuna. Kuma ya kunshi dukkan wani wadansu sinadarai da za'a sarrafa su ai amfani dasu kafin ko bayan girbi don ya zama kariya ga amfanin gona daga barnar kwari a lokacin ajiya ko a wajen safara.
Muhimmin amfanin wannan maganin kashe kwari a wajen akasarin manoman mu shine don ya zama mai bawa amfanin gonakin su kariya daga barnar kwari wadanda ake ganin macuta ne ko masu illah.Maganin kashe ciyawa wato (herbicide) kamar yadda muka sani ana amfani da shi ne don kashe ciyayin da ba'a bukatar su a cikin gona, amma yawancin manoman mu basu cika amfani da shi a cikin gonakinsu ba sai dai yawanci akan yi amfani da shine a wannan kasa wajen zubawa a cikin tafki ko rafi don kashe ciyayin da suke kawo tasgaro wajen ninkaya da kamun kifi sannan su jikirta launin ruwan zuwa launi mara kyan gani. Maganin kashe kwari akan yi amfani dashi a cijkin rumbu ko ma'ajiyar amfanin gona don ya hana kwari da suke bata abinci kamar hatsi da sauransu samun damar kaiwa garesu.Ya zama dole muja hankalin manoman mu wajen yin amfani da magungunan kashe kwari yayin ajiyar amfanin gona kan cewa ya zama wajiba su kiyaye dukkan wata ka'ida da kamfanin maganin ko hukumomin da suke sa ido kan wannan harka kamar NAFDAC suka gindaya kan amfani da wadannan magunguna saboda hadurran dake kunshe dasu.
Maganin kashe kwari yana taimakawa tattalin arzikin manomi nesa ba kusa ba domin wani bincike da aka aiwatar kwana- kwanan nan ya nuna kin yin amfani da maganin kashe kwari ga manomi a gona yana rage yawan amfanin gona da wajen kashi goma cikin dari.Hakanan wani bincike da aka aiwatar a shekarar 1999 lokacin da muhawara tai zafi akan hana amfani da magungunan kashe kwari saboda matsalolin da ake fuskanta daga manoma da yan kasuwa wajen kin bin cikakkiyar ka'idar amfani da maganin, sakamakon binciken ya nuna hana amfanin da wadannan magunguna zai kawo hauhawar kayan abinci, da rashin aikin yi, da kuma karuwar mizanin yunwa a duniya.Dangane da yanayin kasuwar magungunan kashe kwari kuwa kasuwar su a bude take domin wani biciken da aka gudanar a shekarar 2006 zuwa 2008 ya nuna duniya tana amfanin da wadannan magunguna da yakai na sama da naira tariliyan 1,300.
Amma duk da wannan karbuwa da wadannan magungunan su kayi bincike ya tabbatar da suna tattare da illoli masu yawa ga lafiyar dan'adam da kuma muhallinsa. Ta bangaren lafiya koya aka kuskure ya dan taba fata ko ido to wajen zai ta kaikayi wanda in ba' ai gaggawar daukar kwakwkwarar mataki ba zai iya kaiwa ga cutar daji wato (cancer). Binciken da hukumar lafiya ta majalisar dinkin duniya wato (W.H.O) ta gabatar ya nuna duk shekara akalla ma'aikatan feshin maganin kwari miliyan uku ne a kasashe masu tasowa ke kamuwa da cututtuka daga gubar dake tare da wadannan magungunan. Ta bangaren muhalli ma magungunan feshi ba'a bar su a baya ba domin bincike ya nuna a kalla kashi 98 cikin 100 na maganin feshi da ake fesawa a gona da kuma kashi 95 cikin 100 na maganin feshin ciyawa suna zuwa ne ba inda aka fesa suba wato sukan bi iska,ruwa da sauransu maimakon kisan kwari da ciyawa.
Amma wadannan illoli ko matsaloli baza su hana yin amfani da magungunan kashe kwari da ciyawa musamman duba da irin alfanun dake tattare dasu matukar ambi ka'ida kuma an tabbatar cewa kwararrun ma'aikata ne zasu gudanar da aikin to za'a samu alfanu masu yawa kamar haka ;kashe da hana yaduwar cututtuka a gona, karayawan amfanin gona masu inganci, bishiyoyi ma zasu samu kariya daga kwari kamar su Gara da sauran alfanu masu yawa da manoma zasu samu ta hanyar amfanin da wadannan magunguna a gona, Domin kuwa a duk naira daya da aka kashe don yin amfani da maganin feshi akan adana naira hudu ga bata daga kwari. Wannan yasa duniya tayi amanna da wadannan magunguna domin bincike ya nuna ana samun karuwar amfani da wadannan magunguna da wajen kashi 4 zuwa kashi 5.4 cikin dari a duk shekara.Nan zamu dakata sai kuma hadu a wani makon kafin sannan muna maraba da ra'ayoyin ku kan yadda muke gudanar da wannan mudawwana. NAGODE
TAKAITACCEN TARIHI
Binciken masana tarihi ya tabbatar da cewa kimanin shekaru 2000 kafin zuwan Annabi Isa mutane sukan sarrafa wadansu sinadarai su samar da wadansu magunguna don su kare amfanin gonakinsu daga kwari. Farkon sanannen maganin kwari shine na sinadarin SULFUR wanda turawan daji wato (mesopotamia) suke amfani da shi wajen shekaru 4500 da suka gabata. Suma indiyawan THE RIG VEDA kimanin shekaru 4000 da suka shude suna amfani da wadansu ganyayyaki masu guba don kashe kwari.A karni na 15 ne aka kirkiro wadansu magunguna masu guba irin su ANSENIC, MERCURY da kuma LEAD ana fesa sune ga amfanin gona don su kashe kwari yayin da a karni na 17 ne sinadarin nan na NICOTINE SULFATE aka fid dashi daga ganyayyakin taba don kare amfanin gona daga cutarwar kwari. Binciken baya-bayannan ya nuna akwai sanannun sinadaran hada magungunan feshi wajen guda1,055 da kuma magungunan feshi masu rijista da suka haura 16,000. Amma maganin kashe ciyawa wato (herbicide) an fara amfani dashi ne a shekarar 1960 har zuwa yau.Saboda irin hadararrukan da yake cikin amfani da irin wadannan magunguna ne gwamnatoci su kan kafa dokoki kan amfani da irin wadannan magunguna ta hanyar hukumomi don su sa ido na ganin cewa anyi amfani da wadannan magunguna yadda ya kamata kuma bisa ka'ida.
BAYANI
Maganin kashe kwari wato (pesticide) ya kunshi sinadari ko hade-haden sinadarai domin su hana,su kashe,ko su zama kariya ga amfanin gona daga kwari.wannan kuwa ya hadarda cututtukan jikin bil'adama da dabbobi da ciyayi ko kuma dukkan wata halitta da take cutar da amfanin gona ko dabbobin kiwo; wajen nan zai iya zama cikin gona ne ko wajen sarrafa amfanin gona ne wato ma'aikata ko cikin Rumbu ne inda ake ajiyar amfanin gona ko a wajen safarar amfanin gona ne daga wani wuri zuwa wani wuri ko kuwa a wajen cinikayyar sune wato kasuwa. Maganin kashe kwari yana da fadi sosai domin kuwa yakunshi dukkan wasu sinadarai da aka sarrafa don hana kwari rabar jikin dabbobin kiwo. Hakanan dukkan sinadarin da akai amfani dashi don kula da girman yabanya,ko hana kayan marmari daga fadowa daga kan bishiya kafin su kai ga nuna. Kuma ya kunshi dukkan wani wadansu sinadarai da za'a sarrafa su ai amfani dasu kafin ko bayan girbi don ya zama kariya ga amfanin gona daga barnar kwari a lokacin ajiya ko a wajen safara.
Muhimmin amfanin wannan maganin kashe kwari a wajen akasarin manoman mu shine don ya zama mai bawa amfanin gonakin su kariya daga barnar kwari wadanda ake ganin macuta ne ko masu illah.Maganin kashe ciyawa wato (herbicide) kamar yadda muka sani ana amfani da shi ne don kashe ciyayin da ba'a bukatar su a cikin gona, amma yawancin manoman mu basu cika amfani da shi a cikin gonakinsu ba sai dai yawanci akan yi amfani da shine a wannan kasa wajen zubawa a cikin tafki ko rafi don kashe ciyayin da suke kawo tasgaro wajen ninkaya da kamun kifi sannan su jikirta launin ruwan zuwa launi mara kyan gani. Maganin kashe kwari akan yi amfani dashi a cijkin rumbu ko ma'ajiyar amfanin gona don ya hana kwari da suke bata abinci kamar hatsi da sauransu samun damar kaiwa garesu.Ya zama dole muja hankalin manoman mu wajen yin amfani da magungunan kashe kwari yayin ajiyar amfanin gona kan cewa ya zama wajiba su kiyaye dukkan wata ka'ida da kamfanin maganin ko hukumomin da suke sa ido kan wannan harka kamar NAFDAC suka gindaya kan amfani da wadannan magunguna saboda hadurran dake kunshe dasu.
Maganin kashe kwari yana taimakawa tattalin arzikin manomi nesa ba kusa ba domin wani bincike da aka aiwatar kwana- kwanan nan ya nuna kin yin amfani da maganin kashe kwari ga manomi a gona yana rage yawan amfanin gona da wajen kashi goma cikin dari.Hakanan wani bincike da aka aiwatar a shekarar 1999 lokacin da muhawara tai zafi akan hana amfani da magungunan kashe kwari saboda matsalolin da ake fuskanta daga manoma da yan kasuwa wajen kin bin cikakkiyar ka'idar amfani da maganin, sakamakon binciken ya nuna hana amfanin da wadannan magunguna zai kawo hauhawar kayan abinci, da rashin aikin yi, da kuma karuwar mizanin yunwa a duniya.Dangane da yanayin kasuwar magungunan kashe kwari kuwa kasuwar su a bude take domin wani biciken da aka gudanar a shekarar 2006 zuwa 2008 ya nuna duniya tana amfanin da wadannan magunguna da yakai na sama da naira tariliyan 1,300.
Amma duk da wannan karbuwa da wadannan magungunan su kayi bincike ya tabbatar da suna tattare da illoli masu yawa ga lafiyar dan'adam da kuma muhallinsa. Ta bangaren lafiya koya aka kuskure ya dan taba fata ko ido to wajen zai ta kaikayi wanda in ba' ai gaggawar daukar kwakwkwarar mataki ba zai iya kaiwa ga cutar daji wato (cancer). Binciken da hukumar lafiya ta majalisar dinkin duniya wato (W.H.O) ta gabatar ya nuna duk shekara akalla ma'aikatan feshin maganin kwari miliyan uku ne a kasashe masu tasowa ke kamuwa da cututtuka daga gubar dake tare da wadannan magungunan. Ta bangaren muhalli ma magungunan feshi ba'a bar su a baya ba domin bincike ya nuna a kalla kashi 98 cikin 100 na maganin feshi da ake fesawa a gona da kuma kashi 95 cikin 100 na maganin feshin ciyawa suna zuwa ne ba inda aka fesa suba wato sukan bi iska,ruwa da sauransu maimakon kisan kwari da ciyawa.
Amma wadannan illoli ko matsaloli baza su hana yin amfani da magungunan kashe kwari da ciyawa musamman duba da irin alfanun dake tattare dasu matukar ambi ka'ida kuma an tabbatar cewa kwararrun ma'aikata ne zasu gudanar da aikin to za'a samu alfanu masu yawa kamar haka ;kashe da hana yaduwar cututtuka a gona, karayawan amfanin gona masu inganci, bishiyoyi ma zasu samu kariya daga kwari kamar su Gara da sauran alfanu masu yawa da manoma zasu samu ta hanyar amfanin da wadannan magunguna a gona, Domin kuwa a duk naira daya da aka kashe don yin amfani da maganin feshi akan adana naira hudu ga bata daga kwari. Wannan yasa duniya tayi amanna da wadannan magunguna domin bincike ya nuna ana samun karuwar amfani da wadannan magunguna da wajen kashi 4 zuwa kashi 5.4 cikin dari a duk shekara.Nan zamu dakata sai kuma hadu a wani makon kafin sannan muna maraba da ra'ayoyin ku kan yadda muke gudanar da wannan mudawwana. NAGODE
Sunday, 13 May 2012
KAYAYYAKIN AMFANI A CIKIN GONA (FARM INPUT) 2
TAKI
Barkan mu da sake saduwa a wannan mako, waccan makon mun tattauna akan iri da nau'o'insa wannan mako in Allah ya yarda zamu yi bayani ne akan takwararsa wato Taki.Taki kamar yadda muka sani shine abinda shuka take sarrafawa ta mai dashi abinci.Binciken masana kimiyyar gona ya tabbatar da muhimmanci da gudummawar da taki yake badawa wajen bunkasa yabanya da kuma kariyar da yake bawa kasar gona daga lalacewa in anyi amfani dashi yadda ya kamata.Sai dai har yanzu akwai matsaloli nan da can wajen samar da taki mai inganci da kuma karancin ilimi ga manoma kan yadda zasu yi aiki dashi acikin gona.
GABATARWA
Binciken kimiyyar aikin gona ya tabbatar cewar kasa tana kunsheda sinadarai masu yawa wanda kwari suke sarrafawa domin samar wa kansu abinci.Wadatar wadannan sinadarai a kasa shine yake alamta karfin da kasa take dashi,wato dacewarta da rayuwar kwari da shuke-shuke. A sanadiyar noma kasa da ake da girbi har na tsawon wani lokaci wannan ya danganta da yanayin kasar wajen domin wata tafi wata karfi saboda sinadaran da suke kunshe a cikinta, ana nomata karfinta yana raguwa ahankali-ahankali ana gane haka ne kamar ta hanyar raguwar yawan amfanin gona da aka saba girba a kanta. To idan kasa ta kasance a irin wannan yanayi na rashin karfi,zaka ga su kansu kwari sun kasa samun isashshen abinci da suke bukata ballanrtana har su sarrafashi ya zama yabanya tai kyau. A irin wannan yanayi ne ake amfani da taki kona gargajiyya kona zamani domin dawowa da wannan kasa karfi da danko.
MENE NE TAKI
Taki shine wadansu sinadarai masu rai ne ko mara sa rai da ake sarrafawa, wanda ake zubawa akan kasa don a samu karin kuzari ga kasa ta yadda ita kuma yabanya zata bunkasa.Binciken da muka gabatar kwanan nan ya nuna wajen kashi 40-60 cikin dari na yawan abincin da ake nomawa ya ta'allaka ne kacokan kan amfani da taki a gona, domin karfin taimakon da yake bawa yabanya ta fuskar saurin girma da girbar amfani mai yawa.Hakanan binciken ya tabbatar da kasuwar taki a duniya zata kai sama da naira tiriliyan 3 daga nan zuwa shekarar 2018. Harsashe ya nuna wajen fiye da rabin mutanen duniya suna samun abincin da zasu cine ta hanyar wannan fasaha ta amfani da taki a gona.
YANAYI
Taki yana zuwa a nau'o'i da dama sananne shine ya zo a daskare kamar gari sannan yana zuwa a nau'in ruwa wanda yafi kowane nau'i cikin nau'i kan taki saurin game gona.
IRE-IREN TAKI
Akwai takin da ake sarrafawa ta hanyar ma'adanai wato takin da ake sarrafawa daga abubuwa marasa rai kamar sainadarin kanwa (potasium).Akwai kuma takin da ake sarrafawa daga abubuwa masu rai kamar su dabbobi da kwarika, da kuma abin da yak fitowa daga garesu kamar kashin su, da dai sauran abubuwa masu saurin rubewa. irin wannan taki shi ake kira da takin gargajiyya.
Takin zamani shi ya hada dangogi biyun, wato na ma'adanai da wanda ba na ma'adanai, wanda yawanci shi takin zamani ana sarrafa shine a masana'antu domin sayarwa ga manoma.
A karshe yawa da nau'in takin da ya kamata ai amfani dashi a gona ya dogara ne ga yanayin kasa da kuma nau'in amfanin da za'a shuka a wannan kasa. Malaman gona su kan yi gwaje-gwajen kasa ko yanki domin gane dangin taki da kuma yawan da kowane yanki ke bukata wannan dalilin ne yasa muke nanata kira ga manoma dasu dinga neman shawarwarin malaman gona kafin su kai ga zuba taki a gonakinsu. Wanda muma in Allah ya yarda duk amfanin gonar da muke bayani akansa zamu fadi nau'i da yawan takin da yake bukata in Allah ya yarda. Mako na gaba zamu dora
Barkan mu da sake saduwa a wannan mako, waccan makon mun tattauna akan iri da nau'o'insa wannan mako in Allah ya yarda zamu yi bayani ne akan takwararsa wato Taki.Taki kamar yadda muka sani shine abinda shuka take sarrafawa ta mai dashi abinci.Binciken masana kimiyyar gona ya tabbatar da muhimmanci da gudummawar da taki yake badawa wajen bunkasa yabanya da kuma kariyar da yake bawa kasar gona daga lalacewa in anyi amfani dashi yadda ya kamata.Sai dai har yanzu akwai matsaloli nan da can wajen samar da taki mai inganci da kuma karancin ilimi ga manoma kan yadda zasu yi aiki dashi acikin gona.
GABATARWA
Binciken kimiyyar aikin gona ya tabbatar cewar kasa tana kunsheda sinadarai masu yawa wanda kwari suke sarrafawa domin samar wa kansu abinci.Wadatar wadannan sinadarai a kasa shine yake alamta karfin da kasa take dashi,wato dacewarta da rayuwar kwari da shuke-shuke. A sanadiyar noma kasa da ake da girbi har na tsawon wani lokaci wannan ya danganta da yanayin kasar wajen domin wata tafi wata karfi saboda sinadaran da suke kunshe a cikinta, ana nomata karfinta yana raguwa ahankali-ahankali ana gane haka ne kamar ta hanyar raguwar yawan amfanin gona da aka saba girba a kanta. To idan kasa ta kasance a irin wannan yanayi na rashin karfi,zaka ga su kansu kwari sun kasa samun isashshen abinci da suke bukata ballanrtana har su sarrafashi ya zama yabanya tai kyau. A irin wannan yanayi ne ake amfani da taki kona gargajiyya kona zamani domin dawowa da wannan kasa karfi da danko.
MENE NE TAKI
Taki shine wadansu sinadarai masu rai ne ko mara sa rai da ake sarrafawa, wanda ake zubawa akan kasa don a samu karin kuzari ga kasa ta yadda ita kuma yabanya zata bunkasa.Binciken da muka gabatar kwanan nan ya nuna wajen kashi 40-60 cikin dari na yawan abincin da ake nomawa ya ta'allaka ne kacokan kan amfani da taki a gona, domin karfin taimakon da yake bawa yabanya ta fuskar saurin girma da girbar amfani mai yawa.Hakanan binciken ya tabbatar da kasuwar taki a duniya zata kai sama da naira tiriliyan 3 daga nan zuwa shekarar 2018. Harsashe ya nuna wajen fiye da rabin mutanen duniya suna samun abincin da zasu cine ta hanyar wannan fasaha ta amfani da taki a gona.
YANAYI
Taki yana zuwa a nau'o'i da dama sananne shine ya zo a daskare kamar gari sannan yana zuwa a nau'in ruwa wanda yafi kowane nau'i cikin nau'i kan taki saurin game gona.
IRE-IREN TAKI
Akwai takin da ake sarrafawa ta hanyar ma'adanai wato takin da ake sarrafawa daga abubuwa marasa rai kamar sainadarin kanwa (potasium).Akwai kuma takin da ake sarrafawa daga abubuwa masu rai kamar su dabbobi da kwarika, da kuma abin da yak fitowa daga garesu kamar kashin su, da dai sauran abubuwa masu saurin rubewa. irin wannan taki shi ake kira da takin gargajiyya.
Takin zamani shi ya hada dangogi biyun, wato na ma'adanai da wanda ba na ma'adanai, wanda yawanci shi takin zamani ana sarrafa shine a masana'antu domin sayarwa ga manoma.
A karshe yawa da nau'in takin da ya kamata ai amfani dashi a gona ya dogara ne ga yanayin kasa da kuma nau'in amfanin da za'a shuka a wannan kasa. Malaman gona su kan yi gwaje-gwajen kasa ko yanki domin gane dangin taki da kuma yawan da kowane yanki ke bukata wannan dalilin ne yasa muke nanata kira ga manoma dasu dinga neman shawarwarin malaman gona kafin su kai ga zuba taki a gonakinsu. Wanda muma in Allah ya yarda duk amfanin gonar da muke bayani akansa zamu fadi nau'i da yawan takin da yake bukata in Allah ya yarda. Mako na gaba zamu dora
Sunday, 6 May 2012
KAYAYYAKIN AMFANI A CIKIN GONA (FARM INPUT).
A wannan makon da yardar mai duka zamu tattauna ne kan abin da ya shafi wajibai a cikin harkar noma wadanda inka cire gona ba wani abi da ya kai su muhimmanci a wannan sana'a ta noma. wadannan abubuwa da suka hada da Iri,Taki,Magunguna da kuma kayayyakin aiki na gargajiyya kamar su fatanya,magirbi da sauransu da kuma na zamani irin su motar tirakta da sauransu.Wadannan kayayyaki in anyi amfani dasu yadda ya kamata to shakka babu za'a samu amfani mai yawa kuma lafiyayye.
IRI
Iri shine dukkan wata kwaya ko tushe da aka shuka a kasa don a samu abinci ko amfani. Kaga kenan iri yana da matukar muhimmanci a harkar noma fiye da sauran yan'uwansa irin su taki da magani domin shi in ba 'a sa iri ba to ba maganar a girbi amfanin gona.Daga nan zamu fahimci cewa matukar ana so a samu wadataccen abinci da kayan sarrafawa a masana'antun mu da suka dogara da amfani gona wato (agro-allied industries) to abi na farko da za ai shine samar da ingantaccen iri kuma a wadace cikin saukin farashi.
Ana samun ingantaccen iri ta hanyoyi kamar haka a wannan zamani; ana samun ingantaccen iri mai nagarta da inganci ta hanyar binciken ilimin kimiyya wanda yawanci malaman kimiyyar aikin gona ne suke aiwatar da shi ta hanyar bin diddigi da dogon nazari da bincike na tsawan lokaci har su kai ga fitar ko samar da ingantaccen iri mai juriya kuma mai yalwa.Bayan wannan hanya manoma ma suna da wata dabara ko fasaha wajen fitar da ingantaccen iri shine sukan dau iri kaza na amfani kaza su gwada, a haka har su fitar da me kyau lafiyayye sa'annan su fitar da baragurbi.
Lallai indai ana so a samar da abinci mai yawa da inganci a wannan yanki namu da ma kasa baki daya to dole ne a samar wa manoman mu fasahar noma ta zamani a kuma dinga wayar musu da kai akan sababbin hanyoyin noma na zamani ta hanyar ilimintar dasu da basu shawarwari nagari. Hakanan dole a samar musu da irin noma na zamani kamar irin masara,tumatir,gero,alkama,rogo da sauransu wato nau'in abincin da mutanen yankin suka saba dashi.Cibiyar nan ta international institute of tropical agriculture (IITA) dake da mazauni a garin ibadan ta dade tana fitar da iri na zamani ga manoma. misali wani sabon iri da ta fitar na shinkafa na zamani wanda da in ka shuka irin da muka saba dashi a kadada 1 zaka girbi abin da baifi tan 2 ba na amfanin gona,amma wannan sabon iri inka shuka shi a kadada 1 zaka gibi amfanin gona da yakai tan 3-6 .Sannan ire-iren irin da ake shigowa dasu daga kasashen ketare kamar wani irin tumatir da aka shigo dashi daga kasar demmak zuwa najeriyya wanda manoman da suka gwada shi sun tabbatar da ingancin sa ta hanyar saurin nunarsa ga tsoka ga yalwa ga juriya da kuma girma.
A karshe mun gane muhimmancin iri a harkar noma tokuwa in hakane ya zama wajibi muyi kira ga gwamnatoci da su shigo cikin wannan harka ta samar wa manoma iri ingantacce domin ko a kasashen da suka cigaba irin wannan aiki sai manyan kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ne suke iya daukar dawainiyyar wannan aiki saboda daukar lokaci da kuma tsada.Kaga kenan in gwamnati ta shigo ciki zata tabbatar da fitar da wadataccen kudi da za'ai wannan aiki dasu,sannan tayi maganin matsalolin da manoma suke fuskanta inda suke asara yayin da suka sayi iri ba mai nagarta ba, kasancewar yawancin manoman wannan yanki namu masu karamin karfi ne to shigowar gwamnati ciki zai tabbatar da samar da iri mai inganci ga manoma a cikin karamin farashi wanda wannan shakka babu zai tayar da komadar tattalin arzikin wannan kasa, in Allah ya kai mu malko nagaba zamu dora.
IRI
Iri shine dukkan wata kwaya ko tushe da aka shuka a kasa don a samu abinci ko amfani. Kaga kenan iri yana da matukar muhimmanci a harkar noma fiye da sauran yan'uwansa irin su taki da magani domin shi in ba 'a sa iri ba to ba maganar a girbi amfanin gona.Daga nan zamu fahimci cewa matukar ana so a samu wadataccen abinci da kayan sarrafawa a masana'antun mu da suka dogara da amfani gona wato (agro-allied industries) to abi na farko da za ai shine samar da ingantaccen iri kuma a wadace cikin saukin farashi.
Ana samun ingantaccen iri ta hanyoyi kamar haka a wannan zamani; ana samun ingantaccen iri mai nagarta da inganci ta hanyar binciken ilimin kimiyya wanda yawanci malaman kimiyyar aikin gona ne suke aiwatar da shi ta hanyar bin diddigi da dogon nazari da bincike na tsawan lokaci har su kai ga fitar ko samar da ingantaccen iri mai juriya kuma mai yalwa.Bayan wannan hanya manoma ma suna da wata dabara ko fasaha wajen fitar da ingantaccen iri shine sukan dau iri kaza na amfani kaza su gwada, a haka har su fitar da me kyau lafiyayye sa'annan su fitar da baragurbi.
Lallai indai ana so a samar da abinci mai yawa da inganci a wannan yanki namu da ma kasa baki daya to dole ne a samar wa manoman mu fasahar noma ta zamani a kuma dinga wayar musu da kai akan sababbin hanyoyin noma na zamani ta hanyar ilimintar dasu da basu shawarwari nagari. Hakanan dole a samar musu da irin noma na zamani kamar irin masara,tumatir,gero,alkama,rogo da sauransu wato nau'in abincin da mutanen yankin suka saba dashi.Cibiyar nan ta international institute of tropical agriculture (IITA) dake da mazauni a garin ibadan ta dade tana fitar da iri na zamani ga manoma. misali wani sabon iri da ta fitar na shinkafa na zamani wanda da in ka shuka irin da muka saba dashi a kadada 1 zaka girbi abin da baifi tan 2 ba na amfanin gona,amma wannan sabon iri inka shuka shi a kadada 1 zaka gibi amfanin gona da yakai tan 3-6 .Sannan ire-iren irin da ake shigowa dasu daga kasashen ketare kamar wani irin tumatir da aka shigo dashi daga kasar demmak zuwa najeriyya wanda manoman da suka gwada shi sun tabbatar da ingancin sa ta hanyar saurin nunarsa ga tsoka ga yalwa ga juriya da kuma girma.
A karshe mun gane muhimmancin iri a harkar noma tokuwa in hakane ya zama wajibi muyi kira ga gwamnatoci da su shigo cikin wannan harka ta samar wa manoma iri ingantacce domin ko a kasashen da suka cigaba irin wannan aiki sai manyan kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ne suke iya daukar dawainiyyar wannan aiki saboda daukar lokaci da kuma tsada.Kaga kenan in gwamnati ta shigo ciki zata tabbatar da fitar da wadataccen kudi da za'ai wannan aiki dasu,sannan tayi maganin matsalolin da manoma suke fuskanta inda suke asara yayin da suka sayi iri ba mai nagarta ba, kasancewar yawancin manoman wannan yanki namu masu karamin karfi ne to shigowar gwamnati ciki zai tabbatar da samar da iri mai inganci ga manoma a cikin karamin farashi wanda wannan shakka babu zai tayar da komadar tattalin arzikin wannan kasa, in Allah ya kai mu malko nagaba zamu dora.
Sunday, 29 April 2012
KASAR NOMA DA KIWO A NAJERIYYA
TSARIN MALLAKAR KASA A NAJERIYYA
Tsarin mallakar kasa shine hanya da ake bi domin wannan kasar ta zama taka wato hakkin mallaka da ikon yin kowane tasarrufi da ita a kuma kowane lokaci ga mtum,ko yan gari,ko gwamnati ta hanyar amfanin wucin gadi kona din din din.Amma zahirin magana shine wannan tsarin ya sha bam ban ga wasu kabilu,ko mutan gari ko kuma gwamnati.Da haka ne zamu iya cewa ana mallakar kasa ne ta wadannan hanyoyi kamar haka:
-Hakkin mallakar kasa ga yan gari: wannan tsari yana bawa duk dan gari damar yin amfani da kasar garin domin hakkin mallakar na yan garin ne baki daya,kenan duk dan garin yana da iko amfani da kaasar garin wajen yin noma ko kiwa ko gina gidan da zai zauna da dai sauran su.Sai dai bashi da ikon sayar da kowane bangare na wannan kasa.
-Tsarin mallakar kasa ta hanyar gado:wannan tsari yana bada damar mallakar kasa ta hanyar gado wato daga iyaye zuwa ga yayensu. Kazalika wannan tsarin shi aka fi amfani da shi a wannan kasa saboda duk yawancin gonakin noman kasar nan na birni da karkara za ka ga masu su sun mallake sune ta hanyar gado.
-Tsarin bada hayar gona:wannan tsri ya ba da damar bada aro ko hayar gona yayin da wanda aka bawa a hayar nan zai dinga biyan wanda ya bashi hayar nan kudi ko wani yanki na amfani gona a tsawan lokacin daya zauna ya amfana da gonar.
-Tsarin siyan kasa:shi wannan tsarin yana bawa mutum damar sayan kasa don amfanin kansa.
-Tsarin yin kyautar kasa da dai sauransu
KASAR NOMA DA KIWO A NAJERIYYA
Kididdigar alkaluma sun nuna najeriyya na da adadin fadin kasa da yakai kadada (hectares) miliyan 92.2 a cikin wannan adadi bincike ya tabbatar da cewar wajen kadada miliyan 91 za'a iya noma akai kuma a girbi amfanin gona mai yawa. Amma bincike ya nuna adadin gonakinb noma a najeriyya yakai fadin murabba'in kilomita 745,000 a binciken baya-bayannan (2009). Tun wajen shekaru 48 da suka gabata wannan adadi yafi yawa a shekarar 2007 inda ya tasamma murabba'in kilomiuta 780,000 yayin da bincike ya nuna gonakin noma sun yi kasa sosai a shekarar 1991 inda alkaluma suka nuna murabba'in kilomita 680,000. Haka nan mafi yawan gonakin noma na wannan kasa ana amfani dasu ne wajen noman kayan abinci da sauransu, yayin da kuma inda ba'a nomawa suka zama dazuzzuka, wato wajen kiwon dabbobi da sauransu. Wani bangaren kuma ba'a amfani da shi ta kowane fannin bunkasar tattalin arzikin wannan kasa. Jahar da tafi kowace kasa a najeriyya yawan yawan kasa da ba'a amfani da ita itace jahar Neja (da kadada miliyan 7.6) sai me biye mata wato jahar Borno (kadada miliyan 2.8)
AMFANIN GONAKIN NAJERIYYA
Alkaluman baya-bayannan sun nuna ana amfani da abin da yakai kadada mioliyan 33 wajen noman amfanin gona a najeriyya. A wannan adadi ana amfani da wajen kadada miliyan 17.7 wajen noman kayan abinci yayin da kadada miliyan 4.9 ake noman kayayayakin masana'antu kamar su auduga da sauransu.
Nan ga kadan daga cikin amfanin gonakin da ake nomawa a najeriyya kuma nan gaba da yardar mai duka zamu dau kowane amfanin gona mu gabatar dashi, yadda ake noma shi, ire-iren sa, yadda ake samai da wane irin taki yafi so,yadda ake ajiyar sa da kuma uwa-uba kasuwar sa. Nan ga kadan daga cikin amfanin gonar da aka fi nomawa a najeriyya.
-HATSI ;dawa,gero,masara,shinkafa da sauransu
-YAN TUSHE ;rogo,doya,makani dankali da sauransu
-LEGUMES ;wake,waken suya,gyada da sauransu.
-KAYAN ZAKI (FRUIT) ;abarba,ayaba,goba,kankana,gwanda da sauransu
-KAYAN MASARUFI\GWARI (VEGETABLES);tumatur,attaruhu,karas,salak,kabeji,tattasai da sauransu
-MAI; kwakwar manja.
Tsarin mallakar kasa shine hanya da ake bi domin wannan kasar ta zama taka wato hakkin mallaka da ikon yin kowane tasarrufi da ita a kuma kowane lokaci ga mtum,ko yan gari,ko gwamnati ta hanyar amfanin wucin gadi kona din din din.Amma zahirin magana shine wannan tsarin ya sha bam ban ga wasu kabilu,ko mutan gari ko kuma gwamnati.Da haka ne zamu iya cewa ana mallakar kasa ne ta wadannan hanyoyi kamar haka:
-Hakkin mallakar kasa ga yan gari: wannan tsari yana bawa duk dan gari damar yin amfani da kasar garin domin hakkin mallakar na yan garin ne baki daya,kenan duk dan garin yana da iko amfani da kaasar garin wajen yin noma ko kiwa ko gina gidan da zai zauna da dai sauran su.Sai dai bashi da ikon sayar da kowane bangare na wannan kasa.
-Tsarin mallakar kasa ta hanyar gado:wannan tsari yana bada damar mallakar kasa ta hanyar gado wato daga iyaye zuwa ga yayensu. Kazalika wannan tsarin shi aka fi amfani da shi a wannan kasa saboda duk yawancin gonakin noman kasar nan na birni da karkara za ka ga masu su sun mallake sune ta hanyar gado.
-Tsarin bada hayar gona:wannan tsri ya ba da damar bada aro ko hayar gona yayin da wanda aka bawa a hayar nan zai dinga biyan wanda ya bashi hayar nan kudi ko wani yanki na amfani gona a tsawan lokacin daya zauna ya amfana da gonar.
-Tsarin siyan kasa:shi wannan tsarin yana bawa mutum damar sayan kasa don amfanin kansa.
-Tsarin yin kyautar kasa da dai sauransu
KASAR NOMA DA KIWO A NAJERIYYA
Kididdigar alkaluma sun nuna najeriyya na da adadin fadin kasa da yakai kadada (hectares) miliyan 92.2 a cikin wannan adadi bincike ya tabbatar da cewar wajen kadada miliyan 91 za'a iya noma akai kuma a girbi amfanin gona mai yawa. Amma bincike ya nuna adadin gonakinb noma a najeriyya yakai fadin murabba'in kilomita 745,000 a binciken baya-bayannan (2009). Tun wajen shekaru 48 da suka gabata wannan adadi yafi yawa a shekarar 2007 inda ya tasamma murabba'in kilomiuta 780,000 yayin da bincike ya nuna gonakin noma sun yi kasa sosai a shekarar 1991 inda alkaluma suka nuna murabba'in kilomita 680,000. Haka nan mafi yawan gonakin noma na wannan kasa ana amfani dasu ne wajen noman kayan abinci da sauransu, yayin da kuma inda ba'a nomawa suka zama dazuzzuka, wato wajen kiwon dabbobi da sauransu. Wani bangaren kuma ba'a amfani da shi ta kowane fannin bunkasar tattalin arzikin wannan kasa. Jahar da tafi kowace kasa a najeriyya yawan yawan kasa da ba'a amfani da ita itace jahar Neja (da kadada miliyan 7.6) sai me biye mata wato jahar Borno (kadada miliyan 2.8)
AMFANIN GONAKIN NAJERIYYA
Alkaluman baya-bayannan sun nuna ana amfani da abin da yakai kadada mioliyan 33 wajen noman amfanin gona a najeriyya. A wannan adadi ana amfani da wajen kadada miliyan 17.7 wajen noman kayan abinci yayin da kadada miliyan 4.9 ake noman kayayayakin masana'antu kamar su auduga da sauransu.
Nan ga kadan daga cikin amfanin gonakin da ake nomawa a najeriyya kuma nan gaba da yardar mai duka zamu dau kowane amfanin gona mu gabatar dashi, yadda ake noma shi, ire-iren sa, yadda ake samai da wane irin taki yafi so,yadda ake ajiyar sa da kuma uwa-uba kasuwar sa. Nan ga kadan daga cikin amfanin gonar da aka fi nomawa a najeriyya.
-HATSI ;dawa,gero,masara,shinkafa da sauransu
-YAN TUSHE ;rogo,doya,makani dankali da sauransu
-LEGUMES ;wake,waken suya,gyada da sauransu.
-KAYAN ZAKI (FRUIT) ;abarba,ayaba,goba,kankana,gwanda da sauransu
-KAYAN MASARUFI\GWARI (VEGETABLES);tumatur,attaruhu,karas,salak,kabeji,tattasai da sauransu
-MAI; kwakwar manja.
Sunday, 22 April 2012
TARIHIN NOMA DA KIWO A NAJERIYYA (2)
Takaitaccen tarihi
Tarihin noma da kiwo a najeriyya yana da alaka sosai da tarihin siyasar wannan kasa. Zaka fahimci wannan ne inka zurfafa binciken tarihin wannan kasa tun kafi zuwan turawa da zuwansu da samun yancin kai da bayan samun yancin kai. Turawan mulkin mallaka sun tadda yan najeriyya na wancan lokacin basu da wata babbar sana'a sai noma da kiwo,bincike ya nuna cewa tattalin arzikinsu ma kacokan ya dogara akan wannan harka ta noma da kiwo.Mulkin mallaka ya fara a najeriyya a shekarar 1861 zuwa 1960, wanda a tsakanin wannan lokacin turawa sun fi mai da hankali wajen bincike (research) da fadakarwa kan sababbin dabarun noma da kiwo wato (extension services) amma fannin noma yafi samun tagomashi daga gwamnati bayan samun yancin kai har zuwa shekaru talatin din farko.
Kudiri najeriyya na 1962-1968 wato (1962-1968 development plan) shine farkon daftarin kuduri a najeriyya, duk da manyan manufofi daya kunsa, amma ya karfafa hanyoyin da za a zamanantar da harkar noma da kiwo.A bisa wannan kuduri ne na ganin mutane sun rungumi harkar noma da kiwo gwamnatin wancan lokaci ta fito da tsare-tsare kamar fadakar da manoma kan su rungumi noman hadin gwiwa,kawo kayayyakin sarrafa amfanin gona na zamani, aka kara fadada harkar fadakar da manoma kan dabarun noma na zamani (extension services).
Abisa wannan kudiri na gwamnati dan bunkasa fannin noma da kiwo ta bullo da shiye-shirye masu yawa kan bunkasa wannan harka kamar su:
-farm settlement scheme
-national accelerated food production programe
-operation feed the nation
-river basin and rural development authority
-green revolution programe
-the world bank funded agricultural development programe
-agricultural transformational agenda da sauransu.
Duk da karin tagomashi da danyan man fetur yake samun a kasuwar duniya wannan bai hana fannin noma da kiwo ba wajen kara karfafar tattalin arzikin wannan kasa ba, musamman yankin arewacin najeriyya.Zamu gane haka idan muka binciki alkaluman da suke fitowa daga hukumar tattara alkaluma a wannan kasa wato(natinal bereau of statistics) inda alkaluman nan na GDP suka nuna noma yana da tagomashi sosai da sosai,Haka ya kasance a bangaren cinikin kasa da kasa da kuma uwa uba samar da aikin yi.Alkaluman da muka samu sun nuna ; lokacin samun kai alkaluman (GDP) yana wajen kashi sittin cikin dari kamar yadda yake a suran kasashen da tattalin arzikin su ya dogara akan noma da kiwo.Amma alkaluman sun nuna koma baya a shekarun 1975 zuwa 1989 wanda ya nuna hada-hadar kashi 25 cikin 100, wannan tya faru ne saboda bunkasar sauran fannoni kamar su kere-kere da hakar ma'adanai (mining).
Kazalika,yanayin bunkasar noma yaci gaba da samun koma baya a wancan lokaci,hakanan a shekarun 1970 zuwa1982 noma yana bunkasa ne da abin da bai gaza kashi daya cikin dari ba yayin da yawan al'umma ke bunkasa da kashi biyu da rabi cikin dari zuwa kashi uku cikin dari a duk shekara.Alkaluman baya-bayannan na GDP sun nuna dan cigaba da yakai kashi 34.70 cikin dari a shekarar 2011.Bayan wannan an samu koma baya wajen fitar da amfanin gona zuwa ketare don sayarwa yayin da kuma yawan amfanin gona yake karuwa a hankali a hankali, sai ya zama na dole abincin da za'a ci a kasarnan sai an shigo dashi daga ketare don a cike gibi.Najeriyya tana sayan abincin da ya kai naira miliyan 112.88 a shekarun 1970-1974 duk shekara, ya karu zuwa naira miliyan 1,964.8 a shekarar 1991.Alkaluman baya bayannan sun nuna najeriyya tana sayan abincin da yakai na dala biliyan 17 a duk shekara.kuma yawan sayan abincin yana karuwa dfa kashi 11 cikin 100 duk shekara.
Hakanan a kokarin gwamnati na ganin an samar da ilimi ingantacce kan wannan harka ta noma da kiwo ta kafa manyan makarantun noma da kiwo na zamani daban-daban a yankunan wannan kasa tun daga samun yancin kai kawo yanzu kamar su:
-agricultural extension and liason service (AEPLS) a jamiar Ahmadu Bello a shekarar 1963
-international institute of tropical agriculture,Ibadan
-international livestock centre of africa (ILCA)
in mai duka yakai mu lokaci na gaba zamu dora kan kasar noma a najeriyya
Tarihin noma da kiwo a najeriyya yana da alaka sosai da tarihin siyasar wannan kasa. Zaka fahimci wannan ne inka zurfafa binciken tarihin wannan kasa tun kafi zuwan turawa da zuwansu da samun yancin kai da bayan samun yancin kai. Turawan mulkin mallaka sun tadda yan najeriyya na wancan lokacin basu da wata babbar sana'a sai noma da kiwo,bincike ya nuna cewa tattalin arzikinsu ma kacokan ya dogara akan wannan harka ta noma da kiwo.Mulkin mallaka ya fara a najeriyya a shekarar 1861 zuwa 1960, wanda a tsakanin wannan lokacin turawa sun fi mai da hankali wajen bincike (research) da fadakarwa kan sababbin dabarun noma da kiwo wato (extension services) amma fannin noma yafi samun tagomashi daga gwamnati bayan samun yancin kai har zuwa shekaru talatin din farko.
Kudiri najeriyya na 1962-1968 wato (1962-1968 development plan) shine farkon daftarin kuduri a najeriyya, duk da manyan manufofi daya kunsa, amma ya karfafa hanyoyin da za a zamanantar da harkar noma da kiwo.A bisa wannan kuduri ne na ganin mutane sun rungumi harkar noma da kiwo gwamnatin wancan lokaci ta fito da tsare-tsare kamar fadakar da manoma kan su rungumi noman hadin gwiwa,kawo kayayyakin sarrafa amfanin gona na zamani, aka kara fadada harkar fadakar da manoma kan dabarun noma na zamani (extension services).
Abisa wannan kudiri na gwamnati dan bunkasa fannin noma da kiwo ta bullo da shiye-shirye masu yawa kan bunkasa wannan harka kamar su:
-farm settlement scheme
-national accelerated food production programe
-operation feed the nation
-river basin and rural development authority
-green revolution programe
-the world bank funded agricultural development programe
-agricultural transformational agenda da sauransu.
Duk da karin tagomashi da danyan man fetur yake samun a kasuwar duniya wannan bai hana fannin noma da kiwo ba wajen kara karfafar tattalin arzikin wannan kasa ba, musamman yankin arewacin najeriyya.Zamu gane haka idan muka binciki alkaluman da suke fitowa daga hukumar tattara alkaluma a wannan kasa wato(natinal bereau of statistics) inda alkaluman nan na GDP suka nuna noma yana da tagomashi sosai da sosai,Haka ya kasance a bangaren cinikin kasa da kasa da kuma uwa uba samar da aikin yi.Alkaluman da muka samu sun nuna ; lokacin samun kai alkaluman (GDP) yana wajen kashi sittin cikin dari kamar yadda yake a suran kasashen da tattalin arzikin su ya dogara akan noma da kiwo.Amma alkaluman sun nuna koma baya a shekarun 1975 zuwa 1989 wanda ya nuna hada-hadar kashi 25 cikin 100, wannan tya faru ne saboda bunkasar sauran fannoni kamar su kere-kere da hakar ma'adanai (mining).
Kazalika,yanayin bunkasar noma yaci gaba da samun koma baya a wancan lokaci,hakanan a shekarun 1970 zuwa1982 noma yana bunkasa ne da abin da bai gaza kashi daya cikin dari ba yayin da yawan al'umma ke bunkasa da kashi biyu da rabi cikin dari zuwa kashi uku cikin dari a duk shekara.Alkaluman baya-bayannan na GDP sun nuna dan cigaba da yakai kashi 34.70 cikin dari a shekarar 2011.Bayan wannan an samu koma baya wajen fitar da amfanin gona zuwa ketare don sayarwa yayin da kuma yawan amfanin gona yake karuwa a hankali a hankali, sai ya zama na dole abincin da za'a ci a kasarnan sai an shigo dashi daga ketare don a cike gibi.Najeriyya tana sayan abincin da ya kai naira miliyan 112.88 a shekarun 1970-1974 duk shekara, ya karu zuwa naira miliyan 1,964.8 a shekarar 1991.Alkaluman baya bayannan sun nuna najeriyya tana sayan abincin da yakai na dala biliyan 17 a duk shekara.kuma yawan sayan abincin yana karuwa dfa kashi 11 cikin 100 duk shekara.
Hakanan a kokarin gwamnati na ganin an samar da ilimi ingantacce kan wannan harka ta noma da kiwo ta kafa manyan makarantun noma da kiwo na zamani daban-daban a yankunan wannan kasa tun daga samun yancin kai kawo yanzu kamar su:
-agricultural extension and liason service (AEPLS) a jamiar Ahmadu Bello a shekarar 1963
-international institute of tropical agriculture,Ibadan
-international livestock centre of africa (ILCA)
in mai duka yakai mu lokaci na gaba zamu dora kan kasar noma a najeriyya
Sunday, 15 April 2012
TARIHIN NOMA DA KIWO A NAJERIYA
GABATARWA
Kasancewar yanayin da Allah ya albarkanci wannan kasa tamu mai albarka, yana ba da damar noman amfani iri daban-daban ta hanyar mafi sauki da kuma samun yalwar amfanin gona tun tsawon zamani,hakanan bayan samun yancin kai a shekarar 1960 shine ja gaba wajen karfafar tattalin arzikin wannan kasa ta hanyar kudin shiga,samar da aikin yi da kuma cinikin da sauran kasashen duniya (foriegn exchange) da sauransu, kamar yadda lamarin yake a sauran kasashen yammacin afirika.Hakanan an fi samun tsawon damina da mamakon ruwan sama a yankin kudancin wannan kasa, inda suke da yawan gandun daji da kwazazzabai wannan ya taimaka musa matuka gaya wajen samun karancin rani.
Manyan amfanin gonar kudancin najeriya sune: rogo,doya,makani,dankalin hausa,kwakwar manja,roba da makamantansu. Sune manyan kayayyakin kasuwancin amfanin gona na wannan yankin.Ca wanda ake fitar da shi daga koko yafi yalwa a yankin kudu-maso yamma..Kwakwar manja wadda ake man ja da ita tafi fitowa a yankin kudu-maso gabashin wannan kasa.Yayin da bishiyar roba tafi yawa a yankin kudu-maso kudancin wannan kasa da dan wani yanki na kudu-maso gabas.
Kananan manoma , masu yin amfani da kayan aikin gargajiyya masu noma gonar da ba tafi rabin kadada ba zuwa kadada biyu sun kai kashi biyu bisa uku na adadin manoman da suke kudancin wannan kasa.Hakanan manoman wannan yanki su kan noma hatsi kamar :dawa,gero,masara,shinkafa da dai sauran su.
Yankin arewacin najeriya wanda rani yafi damina dadewa da wajen wata biyar zuwa bakwai a shekara, a lokutan damina ana samin yawan ruwan da ya kai wajen martaba 25 a bisa ma'aunin milimeters. Wanda ruwan yafi yawa a yankin nan na SAHEL da SUDAN savanna.Manyan kayan amfanin gonar wannan yanki sun hada da wake,dawa,gero,masara,shinkafa da sauransu a bangaren hatsi kenan. Bangaren kayan gwari kuwa da suka hadar da tumatir,albasa,tattasai,attaruhu,kabeji,ganyen salak, karas da sauran su nam ma wannan yanki ba a barshi a baya ba. Yayin da gyada,auduga,fatu,kirage da sauransu suka zama jagaba a wajen cinikayyar wannan yanki da sauran yankunan duniya.
A tsakanin busashshen yankin arewa da jikakken yankin kudu akwai yankin GUINEA savanna wanda ake kiransa da arewa ta tsakiya. manyan amfanin gonar wannan yanki sun hada da doya,gero,dawa,rogo,wake,masara,shinkafa da sauransu. Amma babban amfanin gonar da suke cinikayya da shi da sauran kasashen duniya shine ridi musammamn ma a jahar Benuwai
Mafi yawan cimar yan najeriya shine hatsi, amma inda aka fi noma da cin gero da dawa shine yankin arewacin wannan kasa.A shekarar 1980 wadannan hatsi guda biyu sun kai sama da kashi tamanin cikin dari na adadin hatsin da aka noma a najeriya. Noman masara a yankin arewa ta tsakiya yana bawa manoman wannan yanki dama noman ta sau biyu saboda yawan ruwan da suke samu a shekara.
Koko da gyada sune manyan amfanin gona da ake dillancinsu zuwa kasashen ketare kafin bayyanar danyan man fetur a kudancin wannan kasa a shekarar 1965. koko,auduga,gyada,kwakwar manja,roba,kiraza, fatu da sauransu sune manyan kayayyakin da najeryya take dillancin a kasashen duniya don tada komadar tattalin arzikinta tun daga 1960 zuwa 1970. A wajejen shekarar 1980 zuwa sama aka dinga rage darajar kudin naira aka rushe hukumar dillancin amfanin gona (agricultural marketing board) a shekarar 1986 da niyyar bunkasa cinikayyar kasa da kasa a najeriya amma duk da haka ba'a samu kyakykyawan sakamako ba saboda karancin tallafin da gwamnati taka bayar wa a wannan harka.
Kazalika a farkon shekarar 1980 zuwa sama najeriya ta fara daidaita farashin amfanin gona, ta hanyar bayar da tallafi kan taki da magungunan feshi da kuma saukaka dokoki da suke wahalar da me son fitar da kaya wje domin cinikayyar kasa da kasa, ta kuma sanya tsaiko kan shigo da kaya cikin kasar.
Mafita itace dole gwamnati ta kara yawan tallafin da take bayar wa ga manoma na bashi ta hannun bankin manoma kuma ta tabbatar manoman ainihi sune suke cin gajiyar wannan bashi,hana shigo da wasu daga cikin kayan abinci daga ketare, tallafawa da kuma saukaka dokokin fitar da kaya zuwa ketare,tallafawa masana'antun noma da kiwo,gina da gyara hanyoyin yankunan karkara,ilimantar da manoma kan sababbin dabarun noma da kiwo na zamani da sauransu.Duk da dai an dan fara samun ci gaba musamman a sababbin tsare-tsare da ma'aikatar gona ta tarayya ta bullo dasu amma muna fatan hakan zai dore don a yaki yunwa da fatara ga al'ummarmu. in Allah ya kai mu lokaci nagaba zamu cigaba a inda muka tsaya.
Kasancewar yanayin da Allah ya albarkanci wannan kasa tamu mai albarka, yana ba da damar noman amfani iri daban-daban ta hanyar mafi sauki da kuma samun yalwar amfanin gona tun tsawon zamani,hakanan bayan samun yancin kai a shekarar 1960 shine ja gaba wajen karfafar tattalin arzikin wannan kasa ta hanyar kudin shiga,samar da aikin yi da kuma cinikin da sauran kasashen duniya (foriegn exchange) da sauransu, kamar yadda lamarin yake a sauran kasashen yammacin afirika.Hakanan an fi samun tsawon damina da mamakon ruwan sama a yankin kudancin wannan kasa, inda suke da yawan gandun daji da kwazazzabai wannan ya taimaka musa matuka gaya wajen samun karancin rani.
Manyan amfanin gonar kudancin najeriya sune: rogo,doya,makani,dankalin hausa,kwakwar manja,roba da makamantansu. Sune manyan kayayyakin kasuwancin amfanin gona na wannan yankin.Ca wanda ake fitar da shi daga koko yafi yalwa a yankin kudu-maso yamma..Kwakwar manja wadda ake man ja da ita tafi fitowa a yankin kudu-maso gabashin wannan kasa.Yayin da bishiyar roba tafi yawa a yankin kudu-maso kudancin wannan kasa da dan wani yanki na kudu-maso gabas.
Kananan manoma , masu yin amfani da kayan aikin gargajiyya masu noma gonar da ba tafi rabin kadada ba zuwa kadada biyu sun kai kashi biyu bisa uku na adadin manoman da suke kudancin wannan kasa.Hakanan manoman wannan yanki su kan noma hatsi kamar :dawa,gero,masara,shinkafa da dai sauran su.
Yankin arewacin najeriya wanda rani yafi damina dadewa da wajen wata biyar zuwa bakwai a shekara, a lokutan damina ana samin yawan ruwan da ya kai wajen martaba 25 a bisa ma'aunin milimeters. Wanda ruwan yafi yawa a yankin nan na SAHEL da SUDAN savanna.Manyan kayan amfanin gonar wannan yanki sun hada da wake,dawa,gero,masara,shinkafa da sauransu a bangaren hatsi kenan. Bangaren kayan gwari kuwa da suka hadar da tumatir,albasa,tattasai,attaruhu,kabeji,ganyen salak, karas da sauran su nam ma wannan yanki ba a barshi a baya ba. Yayin da gyada,auduga,fatu,kirage da sauransu suka zama jagaba a wajen cinikayyar wannan yanki da sauran yankunan duniya.
A tsakanin busashshen yankin arewa da jikakken yankin kudu akwai yankin GUINEA savanna wanda ake kiransa da arewa ta tsakiya. manyan amfanin gonar wannan yanki sun hada da doya,gero,dawa,rogo,wake,masara,shinkafa da sauransu. Amma babban amfanin gonar da suke cinikayya da shi da sauran kasashen duniya shine ridi musammamn ma a jahar Benuwai
Mafi yawan cimar yan najeriya shine hatsi, amma inda aka fi noma da cin gero da dawa shine yankin arewacin wannan kasa.A shekarar 1980 wadannan hatsi guda biyu sun kai sama da kashi tamanin cikin dari na adadin hatsin da aka noma a najeriya. Noman masara a yankin arewa ta tsakiya yana bawa manoman wannan yanki dama noman ta sau biyu saboda yawan ruwan da suke samu a shekara.
Koko da gyada sune manyan amfanin gona da ake dillancinsu zuwa kasashen ketare kafin bayyanar danyan man fetur a kudancin wannan kasa a shekarar 1965. koko,auduga,gyada,kwakwar manja,roba,kiraza, fatu da sauransu sune manyan kayayyakin da najeryya take dillancin a kasashen duniya don tada komadar tattalin arzikinta tun daga 1960 zuwa 1970. A wajejen shekarar 1980 zuwa sama aka dinga rage darajar kudin naira aka rushe hukumar dillancin amfanin gona (agricultural marketing board) a shekarar 1986 da niyyar bunkasa cinikayyar kasa da kasa a najeriya amma duk da haka ba'a samu kyakykyawan sakamako ba saboda karancin tallafin da gwamnati taka bayar wa a wannan harka.
Kazalika a farkon shekarar 1980 zuwa sama najeriya ta fara daidaita farashin amfanin gona, ta hanyar bayar da tallafi kan taki da magungunan feshi da kuma saukaka dokoki da suke wahalar da me son fitar da kaya wje domin cinikayyar kasa da kasa, ta kuma sanya tsaiko kan shigo da kaya cikin kasar.
Mafita itace dole gwamnati ta kara yawan tallafin da take bayar wa ga manoma na bashi ta hannun bankin manoma kuma ta tabbatar manoman ainihi sune suke cin gajiyar wannan bashi,hana shigo da wasu daga cikin kayan abinci daga ketare, tallafawa da kuma saukaka dokokin fitar da kaya zuwa ketare,tallafawa masana'antun noma da kiwo,gina da gyara hanyoyin yankunan karkara,ilimantar da manoma kan sababbin dabarun noma da kiwo na zamani da sauransu.Duk da dai an dan fara samun ci gaba musamman a sababbin tsare-tsare da ma'aikatar gona ta tarayya ta bullo dasu amma muna fatan hakan zai dore don a yaki yunwa da fatara ga al'ummarmu. in Allah ya kai mu lokaci nagaba zamu cigaba a inda muka tsaya.
Sunday, 8 April 2012
TARIHIN NOMA DA KIWO
Noma da kiwo tun farkon zamantakewar dan'adam a wannan duniya kasancewarsu farkon sana'ar dan'adam, sun kasance ababen awa fifiko ga kowace irin kabila ko zamantakewa ta mutane. Domin ta hanyar noma da kiwo ne ake samun bunkasar tattaklin arziki ga kowace al'umma kuma noma ya zama kariya daga karewar abinci ko tufafi ko kayan masarufi na amfanin yau da kullum.Dalilin muhimmanci wnnan sana'a ne yasa ake kirkiro filayen noma wato gonaki wanda daga baya suke bunkasa su zama kauyuka,garuruwa,birane,jahohi,kasashe, kai har nahiyoyi kamar yadda zamu gaan gaba kadan. Da wannan sai na raba tarihin noma da kiwo gida hudu kamar haka;
(1)NOMA KAFIN TARIHI (pre-historical agriculture : Noma kafin tarihi ya fara a wajejen shekara ta 10,000 kafin zuwan annabi isa ko fiye da haka. Ana daukan wannan lokaci a matsayin lokacin noman farko. Manyan gonakin noman lokacin sune na kudu-maso gabas da kudu-maso yamma na yankin ashiya (asia). Wanda yanzu yake kasar Hindu (India),Farisa(Iran),Iraki (Iraq),Isaira'ila (Israel) da makamantansu.Kamar kogin Nilu a kasar Masar (Egypt) kogin Danube a turai da kuma tafkin Indus-ganga a kasar hindu sune manyan santocin noma da kiwo na waccan zamanin.
Wannan shine farkon noma da aka fara kirkirar kayayyakin aiki saboda tilashin yin noma da kula da amfani har zuwa girbi, inda ake amfani da itace,duwatsu da kuma kasusuwan dabbobi sun zama ababen ambata a tarihin wancan zamani.
(2)NOMAN TARIHI (historical agriculture) : wannan lokaci ya fara daga shekara ta 2,500 kafin zuwan annabi Isa zuwa shekara ta 500 kafin zuwan annabi Isa.shine zamani na farko a wannan harka da aka fara amfani da karafa wajen aikin noma . Hakanan filayen noma sun karu inda suka rufe kusan kudu-maso gabas na Ashiya,gabas ta tsakiya,turai,arewacin amurka da gabashin Ashiya.
Kayan aikin zamani sun bunkasa an kuma samu cigaba a wajen kayayyakin ajiya da fannin noman rani sun zama abubuwan da suka haskaka wancan lokaci.Kuma shine lokaci na farko a tarihi da aka fara kasuwancin amfanin gona, wanda yanzu ya fadada ya bunkasa ya zama kasuwancin noma na zamani
(3) NOMAN SARKI (feudal agriculture): wannan lokaci ya fara daga shekara ta 500 kafin zuwan annabi Isa zuwa ta 1700 bayan mutuwa annabi Isa, Noma dai kiwo sun samu daukaka matuka a wajejen shekara ta 1000 bayan mutuwar annabi isa amma ta dan samu tasgaro bayannan saboda wasu dalilai. Wannan lokaci ya siffantu matuka da fadada da bunkasar wannan harka ta hanyar amafani da takin gargajiya don a bunkasa yawan amfani da ake samu wannan ya zama muhimmin al'amari a wancan lokacin. manyan abubuwan ambato a wancan lokaci sun hada da komawa noma gaba ki daya a yankin turai, gabas ta tsakiya da kudu-maso gabashin ashiya.
(4)NOMAN ZAMANI: A karni na 17 bayan wafatin annabi Isa duniya ta samu kari da cunkoso mai yawa a cikin al'ummarta. Wannan yasa aka samun karin al'umma a Ashiya,Afirika,Amurka da sauran da suke kewayan tafkuna. Wannan yasa masana suka dukufa wajen binciko sababbin hanyoyi da dabaru kan yadda za'a bunkasa amfanin gona. Wannan ya zama dalilin da wasu yan kasuwa suka tsunduma cikin harkar nom wanda yanzu a kasani da noman kasuwanci (commercial agriculture) inda wani mutum ko kungiya ko kasa ko nahiya ta dogara kan noma amfani kaza da kaza, wanda wannan amfani bayan an noma shi kuma za'a fita dashi waje dan samun gwagwgwabar riba.
Hakanan juyin-juya hali da aka samu a bangaren masana'antu ya samar da kirkire-kirkire a harkar noma da kiwo. Musamman fannin noman rani (irrigation), kimiyar hada jinsi biyu ko fiye da haka (genetics) da kuma girbe amfanin gona.Amma kimiyar hada jinsi biyu ko fiye da haka ana yinsa kan dalilai da yawa kamar don bunkasa yawa da juriya amfanin gona da dabbar kiwo wanan ya sauya fasalin noman wannan zamani baki daya. Hakanan sababbin irin noma da ake samu a dakunan gwaje-gwaje (laborotories) masu juriya da nagarta kuma dan su biya bukatar kasuwa da mutane.Wannan yasa duniya ta kai ga cimma bukatarta ta abinci,nama ,suturu da sauransu ga al'ummar da takai kimanin mutane sama da biliyan 7. in Allah ya kai mu lokacin na gaba zamu tattauna akan tarihin noma da kiwo a najeriya.
(1)NOMA KAFIN TARIHI (pre-historical agriculture : Noma kafin tarihi ya fara a wajejen shekara ta 10,000 kafin zuwan annabi isa ko fiye da haka. Ana daukan wannan lokaci a matsayin lokacin noman farko. Manyan gonakin noman lokacin sune na kudu-maso gabas da kudu-maso yamma na yankin ashiya (asia). Wanda yanzu yake kasar Hindu (India),Farisa(Iran),Iraki (Iraq),Isaira'ila (Israel) da makamantansu.Kamar kogin Nilu a kasar Masar (Egypt) kogin Danube a turai da kuma tafkin Indus-ganga a kasar hindu sune manyan santocin noma da kiwo na waccan zamanin.
Wannan shine farkon noma da aka fara kirkirar kayayyakin aiki saboda tilashin yin noma da kula da amfani har zuwa girbi, inda ake amfani da itace,duwatsu da kuma kasusuwan dabbobi sun zama ababen ambata a tarihin wancan zamani.
(2)NOMAN TARIHI (historical agriculture) : wannan lokaci ya fara daga shekara ta 2,500 kafin zuwan annabi Isa zuwa shekara ta 500 kafin zuwan annabi Isa.shine zamani na farko a wannan harka da aka fara amfani da karafa wajen aikin noma . Hakanan filayen noma sun karu inda suka rufe kusan kudu-maso gabas na Ashiya,gabas ta tsakiya,turai,arewacin amurka da gabashin Ashiya.
Kayan aikin zamani sun bunkasa an kuma samu cigaba a wajen kayayyakin ajiya da fannin noman rani sun zama abubuwan da suka haskaka wancan lokaci.Kuma shine lokaci na farko a tarihi da aka fara kasuwancin amfanin gona, wanda yanzu ya fadada ya bunkasa ya zama kasuwancin noma na zamani
(3) NOMAN SARKI (feudal agriculture): wannan lokaci ya fara daga shekara ta 500 kafin zuwan annabi Isa zuwa ta 1700 bayan mutuwa annabi Isa, Noma dai kiwo sun samu daukaka matuka a wajejen shekara ta 1000 bayan mutuwar annabi isa amma ta dan samu tasgaro bayannan saboda wasu dalilai. Wannan lokaci ya siffantu matuka da fadada da bunkasar wannan harka ta hanyar amafani da takin gargajiya don a bunkasa yawan amfani da ake samu wannan ya zama muhimmin al'amari a wancan lokacin. manyan abubuwan ambato a wancan lokaci sun hada da komawa noma gaba ki daya a yankin turai, gabas ta tsakiya da kudu-maso gabashin ashiya.
(4)NOMAN ZAMANI: A karni na 17 bayan wafatin annabi Isa duniya ta samu kari da cunkoso mai yawa a cikin al'ummarta. Wannan yasa aka samun karin al'umma a Ashiya,Afirika,Amurka da sauran da suke kewayan tafkuna. Wannan yasa masana suka dukufa wajen binciko sababbin hanyoyi da dabaru kan yadda za'a bunkasa amfanin gona. Wannan ya zama dalilin da wasu yan kasuwa suka tsunduma cikin harkar nom wanda yanzu a kasani da noman kasuwanci (commercial agriculture) inda wani mutum ko kungiya ko kasa ko nahiya ta dogara kan noma amfani kaza da kaza, wanda wannan amfani bayan an noma shi kuma za'a fita dashi waje dan samun gwagwgwabar riba.
Hakanan juyin-juya hali da aka samu a bangaren masana'antu ya samar da kirkire-kirkire a harkar noma da kiwo. Musamman fannin noman rani (irrigation), kimiyar hada jinsi biyu ko fiye da haka (genetics) da kuma girbe amfanin gona.Amma kimiyar hada jinsi biyu ko fiye da haka ana yinsa kan dalilai da yawa kamar don bunkasa yawa da juriya amfanin gona da dabbar kiwo wanan ya sauya fasalin noman wannan zamani baki daya. Hakanan sababbin irin noma da ake samu a dakunan gwaje-gwaje (laborotories) masu juriya da nagarta kuma dan su biya bukatar kasuwa da mutane.Wannan yasa duniya ta kai ga cimma bukatarta ta abinci,nama ,suturu da sauransu ga al'ummar da takai kimanin mutane sama da biliyan 7. in Allah ya kai mu lokacin na gaba zamu tattauna akan tarihin noma da kiwo a najeriya.
Sunday, 1 April 2012
ABIN DA WANNAN MUDAWWANAR (Blog) TA KUNSA
SALAM , zan dauki yan mintuna nayima bayanin abin da wannan mudawwanar (blog) ta kunsa, zan fara da tarihin kaina an haifeni a unguwar Zango cikin birnin kano Najeriya shekara 21 da suka gabata, yawan neman ilimi ya kai ni karkara kuma yawancin abokai na sun fito daga karkara kuma sun kasance manoma inda makaranta ta hada mu. zama tare dasu a karkara cikin gonaki ya sanya min soyayyar wannan harka, wanda wannan yasa na fara koyar noma dakiwo daga wajensu da kuma hanyoyin bunkasa shi musamman a yankin arewacin najeriya wanda ake mai kallon koma baya. Nayi imani ba wani abu mai dadi kuma tabbatacce ga wannan kasa mai albarka da Allah ya ni'imta mu da ita kamar rungumar wannan harka ta noma da kiwo.ta hanyar noma da kiwo babu wani abu na jin dadin rayuwa da zai gagaremu samu a wannan duniya, domin albarkar noma da kiwo yawa ne da ita. kasancewa ta mutum mai yawan tafiye-tafiye naje garuwa daban-daban na halarci tarurruka masu yawa kan yadda za a bunkasa wannan harkar.na ziyarci manoma da gonaki daban-daban wanda ske noma amfani iri-iri da gidajen gona inda ake kiwon kama daga tsutsaye,dabbobi,kifaye,kwari da sauransu wannaan ilimi da nake dashi naga ya zama wajibi na amayar da shi gareku don amfanin ku da kuma wannan yanki namu.Dalilin haka na yanke hukuncin bude wannan mudawwanar don ta zama wata matattara ta bayanai aka abin dana koya ta hanyar gogayyata da manoma,binciken da nai kan wannan harka da tattaunawar da nai da malaman gona, malaman jami'o'i na tsangayar noma da kiwo da fatan zasu zama masu amfani a gareku. Fatana shine manoma da masu sha'awar shiga wannan harka ta noma da kiwo za su karu da abubuwan da zamu tattauna a wannann mudawwar, zamu zuba ido don ganin tambayoyin ku,karin haske da kuma gyra akan abin da muka yi kuskure. Fadakarwa; wannan mudawwana 9blog0 ba su daga cikin manufofinta sayarwa ko tallata wata hajja ko siyasa. babban kudurin mu shine yada bayanai, ta inda zamu dinga kawo muku labarai da dumi-dumin su da suka shafi noma da kiwo,shawarwari da hanyoyin bunkasa wannan harka ta hanyar samun bashi cikin sauki,taki mai inganci da kuma iri. don wannan yanki ya tsere wa sa'a ta fuskar noma da kiwo a duniya baki daya. In Allah ya kai mu lokaci na gaba zan kawo mukala akan tarihin noma da kiwo. nagode.
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